“…The attributes in this category are "machine turn on" (e.g., Shrouf et al, 2014), "machine idle" (e.g., Luo et al, 2013), "machine setup" (e.g., Eren & Gautam, 2011), "machine turn off" (e.g., Liu et al, 2014b), and "material storage" (e.g., Halim & Srinivasan, 2009). The first four attributes represent certain states of machines (PUs), each of which is associated with an individual demand for energy.…”