“…Most brain energy is used on electrical signaling, including action potential (AP) generation, maintaining resting potentials, dendritic integration, and synaptic transmission (Attwell and Laughlin, 2001; Harris et al, 2012; Howarth et al, 2012). The metabolic energy used for neural signaling constrains the flow of information within and between cells, which is dependent on neuron type (Sengupta et al, 2010), excitation/inhibition balance (Sengupta et al, 2013; Yu et al, 2018), coding strategy (Yang et al, 2017; Yu and Yu, 2017), and system size (Yu and Liu, 2014; Yu et al, 2016). Determining the signaling-related energy of different cell types has important implications for the brainâs evolution and function, which also offers considerable insights into the interpretation of functional imaging signals (Howarth et al, 2012; Magistretti and Allaman, 2015) and provides inspirations for engineers to mimic neural circuits to design neuromorphic devices (Cruz-Albrecht et al, 2012; Sengutpa and Stemmler, 2014).…”