Efficient biocatalytic synthesis of nicotinic acid by recombinant nitrilase via high density culture

Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5

“…Chemical processes utilize 2-methyl-5-ethylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine (3-picoline), or 3-cyanopyridine as starting materials, which are synthesized from simple compounds, such as acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, paraldehyde, 2-methylglutaronitrile, and ammonia [ 417 , 443 , 517 , 518 ]. The chemical routes require high temperature, high pressure, metal catalysts (e.g., oxides of vanadium, titanium, and zirconium), and hazardous chemicals and are usually connected with formation of unwanted waste, including by-products [ 417 , 443 , 515 , 519 ]. Biocatalytic processes, on the other hand, make use of enzymes as catalysts, which are operated under mild conditions and are highly efficient in terms of specificity and yields [ 417 ].…”

“…Those processes are also environmentally friendly and safe [ 520 ]. Intensive research has focused on the biocatalytic way for production of vitamin B 3 [ 420 , 519 , 521 , 522 , 523 , 524 , 525 , 526 , 527 , 528 , 529 , 530 , 531 , 532 ]. Nicotinamide is produced at industrial scale from 3-cyanopyridine by means of immobilized bacterial cells Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1, containing an enzyme nitrile hydratase, which catalyzes the hydration of a nitrile to its corresponding amide [ 417 , 443 , 520 ]; intact whole cells are used as a biocatalyst due to low stability of isolated nitrile hydratase [ 531 ].…”

Nitrilase immobilization and transposition from a micro‐scale batch to a continuous process increase the nicotinic acid productivity

“…[ 32,33 ] Different technologies have been applied from resting cells harboring nitrilase to recombinant enzymes in various forms, purified, lysates or whole cells, in batches or immobilized forms. [ 34,35,36,37 ] Here, the reusability of immobilized nitrilase using various supports was investigated to select the most efficient immobilization method. At the same time, this study focused on the identification of a more robust enzyme that can remain stable for days.…”

Constitutive secretory expression and characterization of nitrilase from Alcaligenes faecalis in Pichia pastoris for production of R‐mandelic acid

“…In an interesting approach, dimethylformamide was used as a novel cheap inducer of nitrilase expression in Rhodococcus rhodochrous 14 . To avoid the need for isopropyl‐β‐ d ‐thiogalactoside (IPTG), greatly reducing process costs and avoiding its toxicity to cells, an effective constitutive expression system for Pseudomonas putida nitrilase was constructed in E. coli to improve the biocatalytic synthesis of nicotinic acid from 3‐cyanopyridine 15 . E. coli is usually used as a host strain for protein expression due to its rapid growth, high yield, and clear genetic background.…”

“…14 To avoid the need for isopropyl-βd-thiogalactoside (IPTG), greatly reducing process costs and avoiding its toxicity to cells, an effective constitutive expression system for Pseudomonas putida nitrilase was constructed in E. coli to improve the biocatalytic synthesis of nicotinic acid from 3-cyanopyridine. 15 E. coli is usually used as a host strain for protein expression due to its rapid growth, high yield, and clear genetic background. However, E. coli expression systems also have some disadvantages, such as a lack of posttranslational protein modification systems, and low bioactivity of many eukaryotic proteins when expressed in this system.…”