Efficient Automation of an HEV Heterogeneous Fleet Using a Two-Stage Methodology

Abstract

An influential factor in enhancing the attendance services, mainly in commercial and emergency sectors, is the vehicular technology used to transport people, goods, or equipment. Although hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent a sustainable transport alternative, the existing technical limitations such as battery and fuel capacities, and autonomy, among others, highlight the provision of an efficient automation tool. The tool can serve to enhance the operational performance of the HEV by selecting the proper driving mode (on fuel or electricity), and the navigation strategies to the delivery and charging points in urban areas. This paper proposes a two-stage methodology that allows the HEVs operators to automate the operational performance of a heterogeneous HEV fleet on a city map. Each stage is handled by its corresponding optimization model. In the first stage, the total navigation time and the battery lifetime of the fleet during the operation are optimized. In this stage, constraints related to charge-sustaining/charge-depleting modes, state of charge (SoC) of the HEVs battery, and deliveries schedules are taken into account. To this end, operating strategies related to the performance of different types of existing HEV technologies are anonymously considered. In the second stage, the best operating strategy among all the operating strategies is selected while considering the capacity of HEVs to deliver a given quantity of goods. Moreover, uncertainties during the HEV navigation are simulated considering the change in traffic density of the urban roads as a function of the levels of service (LOS). Results show that the proposed methodology establishes an efficient operational scheme for a HEVs fleet, ensuring a significant reduction of energy usage as well as mitigating the CO2 emissions.

An Enhanced Delivery Route Operational Planning Model for Electric Vehicles

“…Then, Dijkstras' algorithm is applied in multiple steps to determine a detailed route using the original graph. Similarly, in [28], another twostage methodology that allows automating the operational performance of a hybrid EV fleet is proposed. In the first stage, the total navigation time and the battery degradation costs are considered.…”

“…It includes several real-world aspects from previous models and features modeling differences over them [12]- [32]. Note that, in [16], [21], [23]- [26], [28], [29], [31], the allocation of deliveries to each EV and the order of those deliveries is predetermined and, therefore, so is the number of EVs. In [17], [32], the allocation of deliveries is an output of the optimization process, but the number of EVs is predetermined.…”

“…Additionally, unlike [13], [17], [19]- [27], [29], [30], [32], the PA considers the battery degradation costs by explicitly modeling the operation of EV batteries depending on their life cycle, efficiency and technology. In [12], [14]- [16], [18], [28], [31], the battery degradation cost is included either as a fixed cost or not taking into account life cycle, efficiency and technology [7]. Furthermore, in contrast to [12]- [14], [16], [17], [19], [21], [23]- [32], the power consumption of the EVs is characterized in terms of not only of the distance but also the speed.…”

“…In (27), the charging time is associated with the EV, when it charges its batteries at an intersection with a charger. In (28) and (29), the operation time upon arrival is equal to the operation time of departure from intersection i, for all those intersections that are not for delivery or with a charger, or when a delivery intersection is passed through for the second time onwards.…”

Study on the Harmonic Loss of Permanent Magnet Toroidal Space Motor for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

“…Due to the high efficiency and low emission characteristics, hybrid electric vehicles have attracted more and more attention in recent decades [1][2][3][4], and its hybrid power integrated system is one of the key components. Currently, the hybrid power integrated system can be divided into mechanical type and electromagnetic type [5]. Mechanical hybrid power integrated system is usually composed of motor, generator, engine and several sets of planet mechanism.…”