Efficient and bright organic light-emitting diodes on single-layer graphene electrodes

With the development of new generations of optoelectronic devices that combine high performance and novel functionalities (e.g., flexibility/bendability, adaptability, semi or full transparency), several classes of transparent electrodes have been developed in recent years. These range from optimized transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), which are historically the most commonly used transparent electrodes, to new electrodes made from nano‐ and 2D materials (e.g., metal nanowire networks and graphene), and to hybrid electrodes that integrate TCOs or dielectrics with nanowires, metal grids, or ultrathin metal films. Here, the most relevant transparent electrodes developed to date are introduced, their fundamental properties are described, and their materials are classified according to specific application requirements in high efficiency solar cells and flexible organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). This information serves as a guideline for selecting and developing appropriate transparent electrodes according to intended application requirements and functionality.

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“…[35,162] However, only a few groups have demonstrated the use of a single layer of graphene as the anode in small-area OLED devices. [163] …”

Section: Transparent Electrodes As Front Electrodes In Oledsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Morales‐Masis

Wolf

Woods‐Robinson

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

352

288

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“…1,2 The use of graphene as a potential replacement of brittle and increasingly expensive indium tin oxide (ITO) as a transparent conducting electrode (TCE) in organic electronics and optoelectronic applications has attracted a lot of research interest, [3][4][5][6] but effective integration into working devices remains challenging.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional oxides for integrated manufacturing of efficient graphene electrodes for organic electronics

Kidambi

Weijtens

Robertson

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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Using multi-functional oxide films, we report on the development of an integration strategy for scalable manufacturing of graphene-based transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) for organic electronics. A number of fundamental and process challenges exists for efficient graphene-based TCEs, in particular, environmentally and thermally stable doping, interfacial band engineering for efficient charge injection/extraction, effective wetting, and process compatibility including masking and patterning. Here, we show that all of these challenges can be effectively addressed at once by coating graphene with a thin (>10 nm) metal oxide (MoO3 or WO3) layer. We demonstrate graphene electrode patterning without the need for conventional lithography and thereby achieve organic light emitting diodes with efficiencies exceeding those of standard indium tin oxide reference devices.

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“…This requirement can be satised by introducing dopant during the transfer process, and this has been broadly studied. 20,41,42 During the above studies, it was found that the pH value decreases as the etching process proceeds. Thus, H + ions as dopant were systemically studied herein to determine if this could further improve graphene lms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of a reliable transfer process for fabricating chemical vapor deposition-grown graphene films with advanced and repeatable electrical properties

2018

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Graphene films grown by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method have attracted intensive attention due to their native advantages of both high quality and large quantity for commercial applications. However, previously reported graphene films have exhibited uncertain and conflicted electrical properties that greatly hinder them from being used to build reliable electrical devices because of incompatibility during the complex and multifarious transfer process. Herein, the relationship between the transfer parameters and electrical performance was systematically studied. It demonstrates that cracking during the transfer process causes significant loss of carrier mobility and hence an increase in sheet resistance. Additionally, unstable doping plays a key role in the carrier density and hence greatly influences the sheet resistance.By introducing HCl as a doping agent, graphene films with repeated sheet resistance of approximately 300 ohm sq À1 can be realized. This work establishes a facile and reliable route to fabricate graphene films with advanced and repeatable electrical properties, which is significant and essential for fair evaluation of CVD-grown graphene films and further practical applications.

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Efficient and bright organic light-emitting diodes on single-layer graphene electrodes

Cited by 231 publications

References 56 publications

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Multifunctional oxides for integrated manufacturing of efficient graphene electrodes for organic electronics

Establishment of a reliable transfer process for fabricating chemical vapor deposition-grown graphene films with advanced and repeatable electrical properties

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