Efficient and Ambient‐Air‐Stable Solar Cell with Highly Oriented 2D@3D Perovskites

Abstract

3D organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have shown great potential in efficient photovoltaic devices. However, the low stability of the 3D perovskite layer and random arrangement of the perovskite crystals hinder its commercialization road. Herein, a highly oriented 2D@3D ((AVA) 2 PbI 4 @ MAPbI 3 ) perovskite structure combining the advantages of both 2D and 3D perovskite is fabricated through an in situ route. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.0% is observed from a 2D@3D perovskite solar cell (PSC), and it also shows significantly enhanced device stability under both inert (90% of initial PCE for 32 d) and ambient conditions (72% of initial PCE for 20 d) without encapsulation. The high efficiency of 18.0% and nearly twofold improvement of device stability in ambient compared with pure 3D PSCs confirm that such 2D@3D perovskite structure is an effective strategy for high performance and increasing stability and thus will enable the timely commercialization of PSCs.

Origin of Open‐Circuit Voltage Enhancements in Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Induced by Addition of Bulky Organic Cations

“…It is apparent this amplitude increases for NMA concentrations >0.25%, correlated with a loss of J sc , consistent with this loss of J sc for high NMA concentrations resulting from impeded charge transfer to the CTLs. This explains why bulky organic cation additives enhance PSC performance only at low additive concentrations, as observed here and elsewhere . Higher concentrations of bulky organic spacer cations impedes charge transfer to the CTL layers and thus confines charge in the active layer, lowering J sc .…”

“…This class of perovskite films were termed quasi 3D perovskites by Hu et al, with there being little evidence of 2D structure formation . Studies of such perovskite devices, where a low concentration of bulky organic spacer cation is incorporated into the 3D structure, have reported both high performance and enhanced stability . The enhanced performance of these devices has primarily been due to improved V oc , whereas a reduced current density ( J sc ) has also been observed in several studies .…”

“…Studies of such perovskite devices, where a low concentration of bulky organic spacer cation is incorporated into the 3D structure, have reported both high performance and enhanced stability . The enhanced performance of these devices has primarily been due to improved V oc , whereas a reduced current density ( J sc ) has also been observed in several studies . Despite interest in these devices, the underlying origins of this enhanced performance in terms of charge carrier dynamics and structural analysis remains relatively unexplored …”

The balance between efficiency, stability and environmental impacts in perovskite solar cells: a review

“…The most successful approach to the 2D/3D strategy has been achieved in very recent times by using aminovaleric acid iodide (HOOC(CH 2 ) 4 NH 3 I, AVAI) to deliver up to T 80 =300 h under 1 Sun illumination and an extended stability test up to 12 000 h in storage [113]; or complemented with a flash annealing technique to reach 720 h lifetime, in this case storage in air [110]. The interface engineering and direct growth of a low dimensional perovskite on a 3D perovskite: a quasi-2D PEA 2 PbI 4 on top of a 3D Cs 0.1 FA 0.74 MA 0.13 PbI 2.48 Br 0.39 , delivering and impressive 800 h T 80 for constant 1 Sun illumination at 50°C [102].…”

Interfacial Capillary‐Force‐Driven Self‐Assembly of Monolayer Colloidal Crystals for Supersensitive Plasmonic Sensors

“…Resorting the excellent extensibility of the interfacial capillary‐force‐driven self‐assembly strategy, the larger PS particles with diameter of 1500 and 3000 nm also can be easily assembled in ideal hexagonal‐close‐packed structures, as demonstrated in Figure S6 in the Supporting Information. Such MCCs is enough to meet most general applications, such as solar cells, antireflective devices, and so on …”