with the height of feed gap D ϭ 1 mm for the cases of r ϭ 1, 2, 2.5, 3, and 4 mm. The simulation is carried out by using the Ansoft simulation software high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) [5]. When the radius of two fans increases, its bandwidth is decreased gradually, as shown in Figure 2. Considering the requirement of bandwidth for covering the UWB-operating band, the case of r ϭ 1 mm was selected as the constructed prototype. From the measured plot, it is clearly seen that the monopole antenna can feature a 10 dB impedance bandwidth from 2.89 to more than 15 GHz.The performance of the antenna was studied for fixed r (ϭ 1 mm) and variable D (the feed gap height). The return loss for various D (0, 1, 2, and 3 mm) was measured and results are shown in Figure 3. The variation in turn affects the impedance bandwidth (return loss less than Ϫ10 dB) of the proposed antenna. The impedance bandwidth changes with varying the feed-gap because of the sensitivity of the impedance matching to the feed-gap. The ground plane, serving as an impedance matching circuit, tunes the input impedance and the operating bandwidth while the feed-gap is varied [6]. The optimized feed-gap (D) is observed to be at D ϭ 1 mm. The measured radiation patterns of proposed antenna at 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 GHz are shown in Figure 4. Figures 4(a)-4(c) show the YZ-cut (E 1 plane), XZ-cut (E 2 plane), and XY-cut (H plane) patterns, respectively. Obviously, the antenna exhibits properties similar to those of a typical monopole antenna. The pattern in X-Y plane is nearly omnidirectional over the entire operating bandwidth and suits UWB application. Figure 5 shows the measured peak gain of the proposed antenna. It is evident that the range of antenna gain is about 2-3.6 dBi. The maximum measured peak gain is 3.6 at 11 GHz.
CONCLUSIONA planar monopole antenna fed by a microstrip line for UWB application is proposed. The input match impedance for the monopole antenna covers 2.89 to more than 15 GHz. The bandwidth covered 3.1-10.6 GHz, which has approved by the FCC as a commercial UWB band. The antenna features nearly omnidirectional patterns in the x-y plane. By tuning the r and height (D) of the feed gap, the proposed antenna can obtain good UWB performance. Moreover, the antenna possesses the following features: light weight, low cost, and ease of fabrication. The proposed antenna also has a planar structure that makes it easy to integrate with the circuits.