“…The combination of these methods in a single deformation procedure enables the optimization of the microstructure and mechanical properties. COT investigations were performed for Cu and Al [14][15][16][17][18][19] and this method was recognized as an effective tool for obtaining ultrafine grains/subgrains with a mixture of low-and high-angle grain boundaries.…”
Section: Two Original Methods Patented At Silesian University Of Techmentioning
In this chapter, two techniques have been proposed for grain refinement in Cu-Cr and Cu-Fe alloys in different heat treatment conditions. First method, known as rolling with cyclic movement of rolls (RCMR), is appropriate for the manufacturing of ultrafine grained sheets and plates. The second method is called compression with oscillatory torsion (COT). Structural investigations of alloys were carried out, in particular, using a cold field emission gun/scanning electron microscope (FEG/SEM) equipped with an electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) detector and a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Quantitative studies of the microstructure based on the STEM images were performed using the "MET-ILO" software package. Mechanical properties were determined using an MST QTest/10 instrument equipped with digital image correlation (DIC). Based on the SEM and STEM observations, it has been shown that the alloys may exhibit a refinement of the ultra fine grained (UFG) structure in the 200-500 nm range with a mixture of low-and high-angle boundaries. Although the microstructure was refined significantly, the heterogeneity of the microstructure after the application of a high total effective strain is observed. Moreover, the low-angle boundaries formed at the early stages do not continuously transform into high-angle boundaries.
“…The combination of these methods in a single deformation procedure enables the optimization of the microstructure and mechanical properties. COT investigations were performed for Cu and Al [14][15][16][17][18][19] and this method was recognized as an effective tool for obtaining ultrafine grains/subgrains with a mixture of low-and high-angle grain boundaries.…”
Section: Two Original Methods Patented At Silesian University Of Techmentioning
In this chapter, two techniques have been proposed for grain refinement in Cu-Cr and Cu-Fe alloys in different heat treatment conditions. First method, known as rolling with cyclic movement of rolls (RCMR), is appropriate for the manufacturing of ultrafine grained sheets and plates. The second method is called compression with oscillatory torsion (COT). Structural investigations of alloys were carried out, in particular, using a cold field emission gun/scanning electron microscope (FEG/SEM) equipped with an electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) detector and a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Quantitative studies of the microstructure based on the STEM images were performed using the "MET-ILO" software package. Mechanical properties were determined using an MST QTest/10 instrument equipped with digital image correlation (DIC). Based on the SEM and STEM observations, it has been shown that the alloys may exhibit a refinement of the ultra fine grained (UFG) structure in the 200-500 nm range with a mixture of low-and high-angle boundaries. Although the microstructure was refined significantly, the heterogeneity of the microstructure after the application of a high total effective strain is observed. Moreover, the low-angle boundaries formed at the early stages do not continuously transform into high-angle boundaries.
“…It is believed that the reason for this increase of fatigue life of specimens subjected to compressive-torsion multiaxial stress is because "overloads" or residual stresses counteract crack initiation [14]. However, it is still not clear why an axial compression of specimen occurs although the compressive stress applied is below the yield point of the material [15]. It can be assumed that the specimens experience creep, but this behaviour needs to be investigated more in detail.…”
multiaxial stress states frequently occur in technical components and, due to the multitude of possible load situations and variations in behaviour of different materials, are to date not fully predictable. This is particularly the case when loads lie in the plastic range, when strain accumulation, hardening and softening play a decisive role for the material reaction. This study therefore aims at adding to the understanding of material behaviour under complex load conditions. Fatigue tests conducted under cyclic torsional angles (5°, 7.5°, 10° and 15°), with superimposed axial static compression loads (250 MPa and 350 MPa), were carried out using smooth specimens at room temperature. A high nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless steel (nickel free), was employed to determine not only the number of cycles to failure but particularly to aid in the understanding of the mechanical material reaction to the multiaxial stresses as well as modes of crack formation and growth. Experimental test results indicate that strain hardening occurs under the compressive strain, while at the same time cyclic softening is observable in the torsional shear stresses. Furthermore, the cracks’ nature is unusual with multiple branching and presence of cracks perpendicular in direction to the surface cracks, indicative of the varying multiaxial stress states across the samples’ cross section as cross slip is activated in different directions. In addition, it is believed that the static compressive stress facilitated the Stage I (mode II) crack to change direction from the axial direction to a plane perpendicular to the specimen’s axis.
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