Efficiency of herbicides for weed control in chickpea and effect of their residues on wheat growth

Abstract

In order to determine the best time to use and the adequate dose of four herbicides to control weeds in dryland chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) fields, we performed the present experiment in 4 x 5 m plots. Fourteen treatments were carried out that from 1 to 9 included trifluralin. Treatments 1, 2, and 3 were with increasing doses of trifluralin (480, 720, and 960 g ai ha-1) applied 30 days before planting. Treatments 4, 5, and 6 included increasing doses of trifluralin (480, 720, and 960 g ai ha-1) applied 15 days before planting. Treatments 7, 8 and 9 consisted of increasing doses of trifluralin (480, 720, and 960 g ai ha-1) applied at the time of planting. Treatments 10, 11, and 12 included pyroxasulfone (85 g ai ha-1), flumioxazin (51 g ai ha-1) and imazethapyr (100 g ai ha-1), respectively. These last three treatments were carried out at the time of planting; treatments 13 and 14 were: weed-infested (without weed control) and weed-free (manual weeding during the entire season). Flumioxazin 66% and pyroxasulfone 57% (mean of two samples) reduced weed dry weight compared to uncontrolled treatment. The results showed that the treatments were significantly different for 100-seed weight, biological yield, and seed yield of chickpea. Weed-infested and weed-free plants had the lowest and highest grain yield. Herbicide treatments of flumioxazin, trifluralin 960 g ai ha-1, and pyroxasulfone at planting produced 55%, 44%, and 40% higher grain yield than the weed-infested plots. Also, none of the herbicide treatments reduced chickpea yield and biomass. The herbicide residues had no adverse effect on wheat growth in the next crop season.

Managing Weed–Crop Interactions Enhances Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Chemical Components

“…However, this promising crop faces considerable threats from weeds, which diminish crop yields due to their competitive nature and allelopathic effects [5,6]. Chickpea's relatively slower growth and limited leaf development make it susceptible to weed competition, adversely impacting productivity [7]. Numerous research reports identify weed damage in chickpea fields due to uncontrolled weed growth.…”

“…Major weeds infesting chickpea crops include Anagallis arvensis L., Asphodelus tenuifolius L., Carthamus oxyacantha L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers, Cyperus rotundus L., Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley, Lathyrus aphaca L., and Medicago polymorpha L. [1,7,8].…”

“…Despite the growing interest in enhancing the nutritional composition of chickpea grains through weed management strategies, there is still a notable research gap in our understanding that needs to be filled. The use of herbicides has emerged as a predominant weed management technique employed by farmers, especially pre-emergence herbicides like pendimethalin, in chickpea cultivation [1,7]. Moreover, herbicides are an effective control strategy against A. tenuifolius, the most noxious chickpea weed, and other associated weeds.…”