Abstract:A repeated interaction process assisted by auxiliary thermal systems charges a quantum battery. The charging energy is supplied by switching on and off the interaction between the battery and the thermal systems. The charged state is an equilibrium state for the repeated interaction process, and the ergotropy characterizes its charge. The working cycle consists in extracting the ergotropy and charging the battery again. We discuss the fluctuating efficiency of the process, among other fluctuating properties. T… Show more
The interaction of a three-level atom with the electromagnetic field of a quantum cavity in the presence of a laser field presents a rich behavior in the dispersive regime that we exploit to discuss two quantum batteries. 
In the first setup, we consider a single three-level atom interacting sequentially with many cavities, each in a thermal state. We show that under this process, the atom converges towards an equilibrium state that displays population inversion. 
In the second setup, a stream of atoms in a thermal state interacts sequentially with a single cavity initially in a thermal state at the same temperature as the atoms. We show that the cavity's energy increases continuously as the stream of atoms continues to cross, and the cavity does not reach an equilibrium state. After many atoms have traveled, the cavity's state becomes active, storing extractable energy that increases in proportion to the work done by the laser.
However, the same dynamics may involve only two cavity levels in an interesting limit called the highly selective regime. In that regime, the cavity reaches an equilibrium state similar to the one of the atom in the first scenario.
The charging process we propose is robust. We discuss its thermodynamics and evaluate the energy supplied by the laser, the energy stored in the battery, and, thus, the device's efficiency. We also analyze the role of damping.
The interaction of a three-level atom with the electromagnetic field of a quantum cavity in the presence of a laser field presents a rich behavior in the dispersive regime that we exploit to discuss two quantum batteries. 
In the first setup, we consider a single three-level atom interacting sequentially with many cavities, each in a thermal state. We show that under this process, the atom converges towards an equilibrium state that displays population inversion. 
In the second setup, a stream of atoms in a thermal state interacts sequentially with a single cavity initially in a thermal state at the same temperature as the atoms. We show that the cavity's energy increases continuously as the stream of atoms continues to cross, and the cavity does not reach an equilibrium state. After many atoms have traveled, the cavity's state becomes active, storing extractable energy that increases in proportion to the work done by the laser.
However, the same dynamics may involve only two cavity levels in an interesting limit called the highly selective regime. In that regime, the cavity reaches an equilibrium state similar to the one of the atom in the first scenario.
The charging process we propose is robust. We discuss its thermodynamics and evaluate the energy supplied by the laser, the energy stored in the battery, and, thus, the device's efficiency. We also analyze the role of damping.
“…In these models both the environment and time are discretized: the environment is indeed represented by a discrete set of ancillas that interact with the systems sequentially at discrete times. We remark that CMs have already been employed as a tool for studying the behaviour of OQBs [32][33][34][35][36][37]. However in most of these works the stream of ancillas that constitutes the CM plays the role of the charger, except in [34] where it plays the role of the battery itself.…”
We study the effect of non-Markovianity in the charging process of an open-system quantum battery. We employ a collisional model framework, where the environment is described by a discrete set of ancillary systems and memory effects in the dynamics can be introduced by allowing these ancillas to interact. We study in detail the behaviour of the steady-state ergotropy and the
impact of the information backflow to the system on the different features characterizing the charging process. Remarkably, we find that there is a maximum value of the ergotropy achievable: this value can be obtained either in the presence of memoryless environment, but only in the large-loss limit, as derived in [D. Farina et al., Phys. Rev. B 99, 035421 (2019)], or in the presence of an environment with memory also beyond the large-loss limit. In general, we show that the presence of an environment with memory allows us to generate steady-state ergotropy near to its maximum value for a much larger region in the parameter space and thus potentially in a shorter time. Relying on the geometrical measure of non-Markovianity, we show that
in both the cases of an environment with and without memory the ergotropy maximum is obtained when the 
non-Markovianity of the dynamics of the battery is zero, possibly as the result of a non-trivial interplay between the memory effects induced by, respectively, the environment and the charger connected to the battery.
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