“…The Z-Score, discussed in next section, is by far the most widely used accounting ratio in the literature Boyd et al [2006], Mercieca et al [2007], Laeven andLevine [2009], Fiordelisi and Mare [2014], Bolton et al [2015]. Other accounting ratios, such as non-performing loans to total loans or the level of provisioning Houston et al [2010], Fiordelisi et al [2011, are also used to capture different risk dimensions although the focus is on specific narrower aspects such as credit risk, operational risk, liquidity risk and market risk. Marketbased measures include observable market prices (equity prices, debt prices, credit default swap spreads, bond yield spreads) that allow to capture forward-looking information by incorporating market expectations.…”