Efficiency and CO2 emission analysis of pathways by which methane can provide transportation services

Crane, P.; Scott, David

doi:10.1016/0360-3199(92)90154-o

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The ligand N 2 ,N 6 -di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide (DQPDH 2 ) was synthesized from a mixture of pyridine-2,6dicarbonyl dichloride and two equivalents of 8-aminoquinoline in the presence of triethylamine in dry THF (Scheme 1). A white precipitate of DQPDH 2 appeared within minutes and was confirmed using IR (Fig.…”

Section: Synthesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S32 (ESI †), shows that the i c /i p ratio is independent of the Ni(DQPD) concentration. The rate constant for H 2 evolution (k) was calculated from the data in an acid independent system using eqn (6) where n is the electrochemical potential scan rate, n is the number of electrons transferred, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the temperature. 18 The plot of i c /i p vs. the acetic acid concentration for three different concentrations of the catalyst Ni(DQPD) shows an i c /i p value of 3.75 for a scan rate of 100 mV s À1 in the acid independent region.…”

Section: Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 The plot of i c /i p vs. the acetic acid concentration for three different concentrations of the catalyst Ni(DQPD) shows an i c /i p value of 3.75 for a scan rate of 100 mV s À1 in the acid independent region. Using eqn (6), the acid-independent rate constant i.e. the TOF was calculated to be 3.25 s À1 .…”

Section: Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since hydrogen fuel is used in internal combustion engines (ICEs), the conversion of stored chemical energy in the form of H-H bonds into electrical energy in a fuel cell is preferred due to its high efficiency. 6 Inexpensive and common metal molecular catalysts with iron or nickel and several artificial dinuclear iron complexes have been developed to mimic the structural models for the enzyme active site, which has led to their expectation as a replacement of platinum metal in fuel cells for the oxidation of hydrogen. 7,8 Several bio-inspired mononuclear complexes of polypyridyl Co complexes, Ni and Co phosphines, Co diglyoximes and Co diimine-dioximes have already been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proton reduction by a nickel complex with an internal quinoline moiety for proton relay

Majee

Patel

Rai

et al. 2016

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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The complex Ni(DQPD) (where DQPD = deprotonated N(2),N(6)-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide (DQPDH2)) behaves as a visible light driven active catalyst to reduce protons from water when employed with the photosensitizer fluorescein (Fl) and triethylamine (TEA) as the sacrificial electron donor. The photocatalytic system shows very high activity, attaining 2160 turnovers and an initial turnover rate of 0.032 s(-1) with respect to the catalyst. The proposed electrocatalytic mechanism is of the CECE type (C is a chemical step protonation and E is the electrochemical step reduction), where the Ni(DQPD) catalyst undergoes rapid protonation at the non-coordinating nitrogen atom of the quinoline before undergoing reduction. The location of the pendant base is a key factor such that the N-H resulting from the protonation of the non-coordinating nitrogen atom of the quinoline is properly located to interact with the Ni-H hydride leading to heterocoupling between protons and hydrides. Theoretical calculations for the catalytic system were carried out using the density functional level of theory (DFT) and are consistent with a mechanism for catalysis in a polypyridine nickel system. This is the first report of a polypyridine based nickel catalyst where the pendant base is responsible for the internal proton relay towards the metal center through the heterocoupling between protons and hydrides to generate hydrogen.

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Section: Synthesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proton reduction by a nickel complex with an internal quinoline moiety for proton relay

Majee

Patel

Rai

et al. 2016

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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“…Today, the compressed natural gas used in vehicles is considered an alternative energy source, which reduces the consumption and import of any type of oil and has physical properties that normally result in low pollution emissions compared with other fuels. Nonetheless, in the current situation, greenhouse gases (GHGs) are combusted and emitted as exhaust gas from vehicles (Bauer and Forest, 2001), especially methane (CH 4 ) and Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ), which are key components of compressed natural gas and have a tendency to emit from the exhaust (Crane and Scot, 1992;Zarante and Sodre, 2009). In particular, methane…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EMISSION FACTORS OF CH<sub>4</sub> AND CO<sub>2</sub> EMITTED FROM VEHICLES

Nilrit¹,

Sampanpanish²,

Bualert³

2013

American Journal of Environmental Sciences

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The study of the Emission Factors (EF) of methane (CH₄) and Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) emitted from vehicle exhaust is the study of greenhouse gases that are crucial to climate change. These gases are part of a fuel known as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or as Natural Gas for Vehicles (NGV) in Thailand. This fuel is used as an alternative to oil, which has decreased the amount of gasoline and diesel oil used in the transportation sector of Thailand. This study used different types of cars that were tested on a chassis dynamometer with a Bangkok driving cycle to measure the emissions of CH₄ and CO₂ and then to calculate the averages of EF-CH₄ and EF-CO₂, which are associated with speed and fuel consumption, respectively. This study was conducted in 3 vehicle types that are actually used in Thailand, namely, Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV), Light Duty Diesel Vehicles (LDDV) and Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles (LDGV). Our results showed that of the three vehicle types, HDDV produced the highest EF-CH₄ and EF-CO₂ averages at 7.22 and 919.6 g km^-1, respectively. LDDV produced the lowest EF-CH₄ (0.17 g km^-1) and LDGV produced the lowest EF-CO₂ (153.8 g km^-1). In addition, the EF-CH₄ and EF-CO2values of LDDV and LDGV were comparable even though the engine types of these vehicles were different. With respect to fuel consumption, the EF-CH₄ and EF-CO₂ of HDDV indicated a higher fuel consumption, which differed from those of LDDV and LDGV. Nevertheless, LDGV or taxis, which account for a large portion of the transportation sector in Thailand, emitted higher proportions of CH₄ and CO₂ than the other vehicle types, as shown by the CH₄:CO₂ ratio. Therefore, according to the results, the EF-CH₄ and EF-CO₂ values can be applied for the effective evaluation of CH₄ and CO₂ emissions from vehicles in Thailand

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Hydrogen Production from Renewables

Navarro¹,

Sánchez-Sánchez²,

Álvarez-Galván³

et al. 2005

Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry

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Hydrogen is considered to be critical for energy and environmental sustainability. However, as hydrogen is currently produced from fossil fuels, it emits large amounts of carbon dioxide along the reforming steps. The technical challenges to achieve a stable hydrogen economy include improving process efficiencies, lowering the cost of production, and harnessing renewable sources for hydrogen production. Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant forms of renewable resources. When this precursor is used, virtually no net greenhouse gas emissions result because a natural cycle is maintained, in which carbon is extracted from the atmosphere during plant growth and is released during hydrogen production. This article focuses on recent developments in biomass and biomass‐derived product conversion to H 2 . The second option explored here is the conversion of solar energy into hydrogen via water‐splitting processes assisted by two‐step metal‐oxide thermochemical cycles or by photosemiconductor catalysts. The conversion of solar energy into a clean fuel (H 2 ) is the most promising technology for the future because large quantities of hydrogen can potentially be generated in a clean and sustainable manner. Undoubtedly, the conversion of solar energy into H 2 is one of the greatest challenges scientists are facing in the twenty first century. A survey is presented of the advances made in the development of metal oxide redox pairs since the pioneering work by Nakamura in 1977 and in the development of photocatalysts for water splitting under visible light since the first work of Fujishima and Honda in 1972. The very high thermal reduction temperature used for the metal oxide redox pairs developed until now leads to severe sintering, melting, and vaporization of materials, decreasing the efficiency and durability in the cyclic operation. Consequently, the application of material science and engineering to the development of materials with lower reduction temperature and high water‐splitting ability is still a challenge in this scientific area and an overview of the progress is provided in this article. On the other hand, there are still major challenges in the development of photocatalysts with improved efficiencies for hydrogen production from water using solar energy. An overview is provided in this article of research strategies and approaches adopted in the search for photocatalysts for water splitting under visible light (new photocatalyst materials and the control of the synthesis of materials for customizing the crystallinity, electronic structure, and morphology of catalysts at nanometric scale).

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Efficiency and CO2 emission analysis of pathways by which methane can provide transportation services

Cited by 10 publications

References 3 publications

Proton reduction by a nickel complex with an internal quinoline moiety for proton relay

Proton reduction by a nickel complex with an internal quinoline moiety for proton relay

EMISSION FACTORS OF CH<sub>4</sub> AND CO<sub>2</sub> EMITTED FROM VEHICLES

Hydrogen Production from Renewables

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