Efficacy of virtual reality in pedestrian safety research

Deb, Shuchisnigdha; Carruth, Daniel W.; Sween, Richard; Strawderman, Lesley; Garrison, Teena M.

doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.03.007

Cited by 204 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…We had no reports of simulator sickness in either the Vive or CAVE and no drop outs. This contrasts with an experiment conducted by Deb et al [Deb et al 2017] that also used an HTC Vive to study road crossing. They report an 11.5% rate of withdrawal due to simulator sickness.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

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A comparison of head-mounted displays vs. large-screen displays for an interactive pedestrian simulator

Mallaro

Rahimian

O’Neal

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology

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This investigation compared how people performed a complex perception-action task -crossing trafficfilled roadways -in a CAVE vs. an HMD virtual environment. Participants physically crossed a virtual roadway with continuous cross traffic in either a CAVE-like or an HTC Vive pedestrian simulator. The 3D model and traffic scenario were identical in both simulators, allowing for a direct comparison between the two display systems. We found that participants in the Vive group accepted smaller gaps for crossing than participants in the CAVE group. They also timed their entry into the gap more precisely and tended to cross somewhat more quickly. As a result, participants in the Vive group had a somewhat larger margin of safety when they exited the roadway than those in the CAVE group. Participants in the CAVE group focused their gaze further down the road and had more variability in their gaze distances. The results provide a foundation for future studies of pedestrian behavior and other tasks involving full-body motion using HMD-based VR.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

“…These offer the potential for low-cost, portable pedestrian simulators [Deb et al 2017;Feldstein et al 2016;Morrongiello et al 2015a,b]. The chief advantage of head-mounted systems as compared to large-screen systems is that they are highly immersive and much less costly to build.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of head-mounted displays vs. large-screen displays for an interactive pedestrian simulator

Mallaro

Rahimian

O’Neal

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology

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“…Current IVE-based studies are also limited by the range of the possible pedestrian motions (Deb et al, 2017;Pillai, 2017). This limits the number of potential scenarios that can be explored.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Owing to the presence of other environmental and situational factors, participants might react differently in an actual crosswalk, resulting in different trusting behaviors. However, some evidence suggests that this is not the case (Heydarian et al, 2015;Deb et al, 2017). Specifically, Deb et al (2017) found that pedestrians' reactions to traffic situations in an IVE were similar to those in the real world.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrian Trust in Automated Vehicles: Role of Traffic Signal and AV Driving Behavior

et al. 2019

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Pedestrians' acceptance of automated vehicles (AVs) depends on their trust in the AVs. We developed a model of pedestrians' trust in AVs based on AV driving behavior and traffic signal presence. To empirically verify this model, we conducted a human-subject study with 30 participants in a virtual reality environment. The study manipulated two factors: AV driving behavior (defensive, normal, and aggressive) and the crosswalk type (signalized and unsignalized crossing). Results indicate that pedestrians' trust in AVs was influenced by AV driving behavior as well as the presence of a signal light. In addition, the impact of the AV's driving behavior on trust in the AV depended on the presence of a signal light. There were also strong correlations between trust in AVs and certain observable trusting behaviors such as pedestrian gaze at certain areas/objects, pedestrian distance to collision, and pedestrian jaywalking time. We also present implications for design and future research.

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“…Some studies have started to compare reallife pedestrian behavior to the behavior observed in virtual environments. For example, several studies investigate whether virtual experiments can be used to capture the roadcrossing behavior of pedestrians in the presence of vehicles and generally find a good match to real-life behavior (Bhagavathula et al, 2018;Deb et al, 2017;Schwebel et al, 2008). Other research confirms that simple avoidance maneuvers between pedestrians can also be faithfully captured in virtual experiments (Iryo-Asano et al, 2018;Moussaid et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparing the route-choice behavior of pedestrians around obstacles in a virtual experiment and a field study

Zhang

Long

et al. 2019

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies

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Highlights We analyze pedestrian route choice behavior around obstacles in a simple scenario  We compare a field study and a virtual experiment with identical setups  We find qualitatively similar results in both settings  This helps to validate virtual experiments as a useful methodology AbstractPedestrians often need to decide between different routes they can use to reach their intended destinations, both during emergencies and in their daily lives. This routechoice behavior is important in determining traffic management, evacuation efficiency and building design. Here, we use field observations and a virtual experiment to study the route choice behavior of pedestrians around obstacles delimiting exit routes and examine the influence of three factors, namely the local distance to route starting points  Corresponding author: Jun Zhang, Email: junz@ustc.edu.cn 2 and the pedestrian density and walking speeds along routes. Crucially, both field study and virtual experiment consider the same scenario which allows us to directly assess the validity of testing pedestrian behavior in virtual environments. We find that in both data sets the proportion of people who choose a closer exit route increases as the difference in distance between exit route starting points increases. Pedestrians' choices in our data also depend on pedestrian density along routes, with people preferring less used routes. Our results thus confirm previously established route choice mechanisms and we can predict over 74% of choices based on these factors. The qualitative agreement in results between the field study and the virtual experiment suggests that in simple route-choice scenarios, such as the one we investigate here, virtual experiments can be a valid experimental technique for studying pedestrian behavior. We therefore provide much-needed empirical support for the emerging paradigm of experiments in virtual environments.

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Efficacy of virtual reality in pedestrian safety research

Cited by 204 publications

References 28 publications

A comparison of head-mounted displays vs. large-screen displays for an interactive pedestrian simulator

A comparison of head-mounted displays vs. large-screen displays for an interactive pedestrian simulator

Pedestrian Trust in Automated Vehicles: Role of Traffic Signal and AV Driving Behavior

Comparing the route-choice behavior of pedestrians around obstacles in a virtual experiment and a field study

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