Efficacy of three ethanol-based hand rubs against feline calicivirus, a surrogate virus for norovirus

Kampf, Günter; Grotheer, D.; Steinmann, J.

doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.12.005

Cited by 100 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, a study conducted with volunteers showed that ethanol-based hand rubs with a higher alcohol concentration were the most effective against FCV (16). Certain compounds present in the gel could protect the virus from the alcohol, which may explain why a higher concentration of alcohol is required for an optimal virucidal activity as suggested previously (16). Chlorinebased disinfectants are among the most effective virucidal disinfectants.…”

Section: -4578mentioning

confidence: 89%

Use of Murine Norovirus as a Surrogate To Evaluate Resistance of Human Norovirus to Disinfectants

Belliot

Lavaux

Souihel

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

123

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Murine norovirus (MNV) was used as a surrogate to study resistance of human norovirus to disinfectants used in hospitals. MNV was sensitive to alcohol, alcohol hand rubs, bleach, and povidone iodine-based disinfectant. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR results indicated that the presence of viral RNA did not correlate with the presence of infectious virus.Human noroviruses (NoVs) are causative agents of gastroenteritis in all age classes (14). Human NoV is responsible for large outbreaks in community settings like nursing homes or hospitals, in which nosocomial infections have also been reported (11,15,29). Person-to-person, food-borne, and waterborne transmissions of NoV have been documented (11). Previous studies showed that NoVs were resistant in the environment (7,20) and suggested the risk of NoV transmission via contaminated surfaces (3, 13).The study of human NoV has been hampered by the lack of a cell culture system, as reviewed previously (9). To study resistance of human NoV to environmental factors or virucidal agents, cultivatable feline calicivirus (FCV) from the genus Vesivirus has been used as a surrogate until now (27). FCV is sensitive to ethanol, 1-propanol, and isopropanol (12, 21). FCV is also inactivated in the presence of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, iodine, or glutaraldehyde (6,8,10,28,30). Alcohol-based hand rubs induced 1 to 2 log 10 50%-tissueculture-infective-dose reductions in the FCV titer in the presence of organic soil (16).Recently the first murine NoV (MNV) was characterized (18) and adapted to cell culture on murine macrophage-related cells (31). The MNV capsid structure, genomic organization, and replication cycle are very similar to those of human NoVs (18,26). Recently Cannon et al. showed that MNV and FCV were resistant to organic solvents and their inactivation rates were similar at 63 and 72°C (2). However, MNV was more resistant than FCV to basic and acidic pHs. Long-term resistance was also higher for MNV than for FCV at room temperature, once resuspended in stool material. Additionally, MNV could be effectively inactivated by liquid-and fog-based hypochlorous acid solutions on porous and nonporous surfaces (24). In this study, we determined whether alcohols (ethanol and isopropanol), alcohol-based hand rubs (Stérillium, Aniosgel 85NPC, and Purell), and commercial disinfectants (Asphène381, bleach, and Betadine), which are commonly used in French hospitals, could reduce the viral titer of MNV by 4 log 10 as required by European standards for virucidal efficacy, as reviewed previously (27). Plaque assay and realtime reverse transcription (RT)-PCR procedures were evaluated for the detection and the quantification of MNV.The RAW cells were maintained as described previously (31). MNV was propagated RAW cells in fetal bovine serum (FBS)-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and harvested at 2 days postinfection. High-titer MNV stocks were prepared by ultracentrifugation of precleared MNV-infected cell lysate. For MNV titration, the cells were inoculated w...

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Section: -4578mentioning

confidence: 89%

Use of Murine Norovirus as a Surrogate To Evaluate Resistance of Human Norovirus to Disinfectants

Belliot

Lavaux

Souihel

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

123

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“…Bleach solutions or hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectants must be used. Commonly used alcohol-based hand cleaners are also insufficient for the removal of norovirus, and patients and HCWs must wash their hands with soap and water for 1 min and rinse for 20 s for adequate decontamination (162). Measures to prevent the spread of norovirus should be aggressive and focus on the identification and isolation of infected patients, proper disinfection of rooms or wards, and education of HCWs about the spread of the virus and precautions needed.…”

Section: Gastrointestinal Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control in Acute-Care Settings

2011

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SUMMARY Health care-associated infections (HAIs) have become more common as medical care has grown more complex and patients have become more complicated. HAIs are associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and cost. Growing rates of HAIs alongside evidence suggesting that active surveillance and infection control practices can prevent HAIs led to the development of hospital epidemiology and infection control programs. The role for infection control programs has grown and continues to grow as rates of antimicrobial resistance rise and HAIs lead to increasing risks to patients and expanding health care costs. In this review, we summarize the history of the development of hospital epidemiology and infection control, common HAIs and the pathogens causing them, and the structure and role of a hospital epidemiology and infection control program.

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“…However, others have observed that 70% ethanol was able to reduce the infectivity titer of hepatitis A virus and poliovirus type 1 inoculated onto human skin by only about 1 log 10 (23). Kampf et al (15) reported that a higher concentration of ethanol (Ͼ70%) was associated with better virucidal efficacy against FCV, although these results have been disputed by others (13). Two other studies examined the in vivo efficacy of 62% alcohol-based hand sanitizer against FCV and observed a Ͻ0.5 log 10 reduction (17,19).…”

Section: Vol 76 2010 Efficacy Of Hand Wash Agents Against Norwalk Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While some investigators have shown that ethanol has comparatively better efficacy than isopropanol (15,17), Gehrke et al (13) found that 1-propanol was more effective than ethanol for FCV inactivation. Recently, two studies (16,22) reported separately that ethanol-based formulas in combination with other ingredients not only significantly improved the efficacy of hand sanitizers but also exhibited a broad spectrum of virucidal activity.…”

Section: Vol 76 2010 Efficacy Of Hand Wash Agents Against Norwalk Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One reason for this is that the HuNoV cannot be routinely cultured in vitro, a factor that complicates evaluation of the efficacy of disinfection strategies. As an alternative, investigators have used cultivable surrogates such as feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV) (10,15,22), but questions continue regarding their relevance. Quantitative real-time nucleic acid amplification technologies allow us to quantify RNA and can be used to estimate HuNoV titer, although the relationship to virus infectivity is not clear (5,18,26,30).…”

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Effectiveness of Liquid Soap and Hand Sanitizer against Norwalk Virus on Contaminated Hands

Liu

Yuen

Hsiao

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

158

119

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Disinfection is an essential measure for interrupting human norovirus (HuNoV) transmission, but it is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of disinfectants due to the absence of a practicable cell culture system for these viruses. The purpose of this study was to screen sodium hypochlorite and ethanol for efficacy against Norwalk virus (NV) and expand the studies to evaluate the efficacy of antibacterial liquid soap and alcohol-based hand sanitizer for the inactivation of NV on human finger pads. Samples were tested by real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) both with and without a prior RNase treatment. In suspension assay, sodium hypochlorite concentrations of >160 ppm effectively eliminated RT-qPCR detection signal, while ethanol, regardless of concentration, was relatively ineffective, giving at most a 0.5 log 10 reduction in genomic copies of NV cDNA. Using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard finger pad method and a modification thereof (with rubbing), we observed the greatest reduction in genomic copies of NV cDNA with the antibacterial liquid soap treatment (0.67 to 1.20 log 10 reduction) and water rinse only (0.58 to 1.58 log 10 reduction). The alcohol-based hand sanitizer was relatively ineffective, reducing the genomic copies of NV cDNA by only 0.14 to 0.34 log 10 compared to baseline. Although the concentrations of genomic copies of NV cDNA were consistently lower on finger pad eluates pretreated with RNase compared to those without prior RNase treatment, these differences were not statistically significant. Despite the promise of alcohol-based sanitizers for the control of pathogen transmission, they may be relatively ineffective against the HuNoV, reinforcing the need to develop and evaluate new products against this important group of viruses.Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the leading cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis (11, 21). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that approximately 23 million people suffer from HuNoV gastroenteritis each year. Indeed, 81% of outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis are caused by this agent (7,8). These viruses may contaminate food, water, hands, and inanimate surfaces and are readily transmitted by contact with contaminated objects, by consumption of fecally contaminated food or water, or between people. In particular, hands are thought to be a principal vehicle for HuNoV transmission. Although many different hand hygiene agents are available, these generally do not have specific virucidal claims against the HuNoV. Two widely used types of hand hygiene products are antibacterial liquid soaps and alcohol-based hand sanitizers.Little is known about the effectiveness of hand hygiene agents in reducing HuNoV on contaminated hands. One reason for this is that the HuNoV cannot be routinely cultured in vitro, a factor that complicates evaluation of the efficacy of disinfection strategies. As an alternative, investigators have used cultivable surrogates such as feline calicivirus (FCV) and murin...

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Efficacy of three ethanol-based hand rubs against feline calicivirus, a surrogate virus for norovirus

Cited by 100 publications

References 28 publications

Use of Murine Norovirus as a Surrogate To Evaluate Resistance of Human Norovirus to Disinfectants

Use of Murine Norovirus as a Surrogate To Evaluate Resistance of Human Norovirus to Disinfectants

Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control in Acute-Care Settings

Effectiveness of Liquid Soap and Hand Sanitizer against Norwalk Virus on Contaminated Hands

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