Efficacy of Smartphone Learning Versus Lecture-Based Learning for Instruction of Cephalometric Landmark Identification

Abstract

Background: Considering the increasing popularity of electronic learning, particularly smartphone learning, and its reportedly optimal efficacy for instruction of complicated topics, this study aimed to compare the efficacy of smartphone learning versus lecture-based learning for instruction of cephalometric landmark identification.Methods: This quasi-experimental interventional study evaluated 53 dental students (4 th year) in two groups of intervention (n=27; smartphone instruction using an application) and control (n=26, traditional lecture-based instruction). Two weeks after the instructions, dental students were asked to identify four landmarks namely the posterior nasal spine (PNS), orbitale (Or), articulare (Ar) and gonion (Go) on lateral cephalograms. The mean coordinates of each landmark identified by orthodontists served as the reference point and the mean distance from each identified point to the reference point was reported as the mean consistency while the standard deviation of this mean was reported as precision of measurement. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 via independent sample t-test.Results: No significant difference was noted between the two groups in identification of PNS, Ar or Go (P>0.05). However, the mean error rate in identification of Or was significantly lower in smartphone group compared with the traditional learning group (P=0.020).Conclusions: Smartphone learning had a comparable, and even superior, efficacy to lecture-based learning for instruction of cephalometric landmark identification, and is recommended to enhance the instruction of complicated topics.