Efficacy of oral rehydration therapy solutions containing sodium bicarbonate or sodium acetate for treatment of calves with naturally acquired diarrhea, moderate dehydration, and strong ion acidosis

Abstract

Clinically important differences in the resuscitative response to 300 mmol/L or 150 mmol/L ORT solutions of sodium acetate or sodium bicarbonate were not identified.

Enteral fluid therapy in neonatal calves and features of commercially available electrolyte solutions in Brazil

“…This is particularly important when the OES contains sodium bicarbonate as alkalizing agent. The interference seems to be smaller or absent when the OES contains sodium acetate in its composition (SEN et al, 2006;MARSHALL et al, 2008;SMITH et al, 2012).…”

“…Solutions with high osmolarity may Bregadioli et al worsen the diarrhea because the resulting increase in the intraluminal tonicity may cause hypersecretion of water and electrolytes; which is even more pronounced in animals with damaged intestinal villi (SMITH & BERCHTOLD, 2014). In addition, the intake of OES with high osmolarity can slow the abomasal emptying and compromise the aboral transit of the digesta (NOURI & CONSTABLE, 2006;SEN et al, 2006;SEN et al, 2009).…”

“…However, solutions with high HCO 3 -concentration alkalize the abomasum and the proximal portion of the small intestine, interfering with milk clotting and digestion (SMITH et al, 2012). As result of the increase in the intestinal lumen pH, bacterial growth is favored and can worsen the diarrhea (SEN et al, 2006;MARSHALL et al, 2008). Metabolizable bases, such as acetate and citrate, are absorbed and posteriorly metabolized without causing alkalization of the gastrointestinal lumen (SEN et al, 2006).…”

“…As result of the increase in the intestinal lumen pH, bacterial growth is favored and can worsen the diarrhea (SEN et al, 2006;MARSHALL et al, 2008). Metabolizable bases, such as acetate and citrate, are absorbed and posteriorly metabolized without causing alkalization of the gastrointestinal lumen (SEN et al, 2006). Sodium acetate is the most recommended alkalizing agent in OES because it is rapidly metabolized increasing blood pH; facilitates the absorption of water and sodium in the jejunum; and does not interfere with the digestion of the milk in the abomasum (SEN et al, 2006;SMITH et al, 2012).…”

“…It should be noted that the glucose, when not absorbed, increases the risk of causing osmotic diarrhea and worsen the present condition, since it can be fermented in the large intestine with the generation of short chain volatile fatty acids, which increases the osmolarity in the lumen (SMITH, 2009). SEN et al (2006 demonstrated that healthy calves may have osmotic diarrhea when they ingest OES containing glucose in an amount equivalent to 4.8g kg -1 of BW.…”