Efficacy of olive mill wastewater for protecting Bacillus thuringiensis formulation from UV radiations

Noble UV protective agent for Bacillus thuringiensis based on a combination of graphene oxide and olive oil

“… 19 concluded that exposure of Bt to 40 h of UV radiations resulted in the loss of activity. Jallouli 12 showed that no protection was observed in the case of olive oil and spore count was not significantly different from those when compared to the negative control exposed UV radiations also its effect has been under 50% protection. Our results of mortality have demonstrated that there was not a significant difference between olive oil formulation and free spore formulation at p = 0.05 and earlier works have been confirmed.…”

“…It is generally believed that ultraviolet inactivation of the crystalline toxin is the significant source of the fast loss of Bt ’s effectiveness 12 . Various materials and techniques have been checked as sunlight protectants to improve the Bt activity and prolong the efficacy of Bt pesticides in the environments such as the granular formulations, encapsulations,and addition of UV protectants 25 – 27 .…”

“…Before designation of spore count, the amount of water evaporated in each sample was added to the formulation. The samples were then exposed to UV-A irradiation for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h 12 . Spore counts were performed via serial dilution formulation spread in Petri dishes comprising nutrient agar and incubated at 28 °C for 24 h. Finally, the ratio of the number of the irradiated spores (nano or free formulation) to the number of the initial non-irradiated spores (nano or free spores), determined as spores viability, were calculated.…”

“…Some of them are acidity, main fatty composition,and UV absorbance 11 . The UV protective effect of olive oil was determined by Jallouli 12 as it has been shown, this is not the suitable property of olive oil.…”

Single Amino Acid Substitution in Homogentisate Dioxygenase Affects Melanin Production in Bacillus thuringiensis

“…However, the insecticidal activity of the crystal proteins would be reduced or destroyed under field conditions because of UV damage in sunlight ( Pusztai et al, 1991 ). To solve this problem, researchers have proposed a series of strategies to protect insecticidal crystal proteins from UV damage ( Sanchis et al, 1999 ; Manasherob et al, 2002 ; Jallouli et al, 2014 ), and one of them is the use of melanin, a photoprotective agent, to reduce the damaging effect of UV radiation on B. thuringiensis toxins ( Liu et al, 1993 ; Ruan et al, 2002 ; Zhang et al, 2008 ; Sansinenea and Ortiz, 2015 ).…”