Efficacy of Novaluron as a Feed-Through for Control of Immature Horn Flies, House Flies, and Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Developing in Cow Manure

Abstract

Two rates (0.4 mg/kg body weight/d and 0.6 mg/kg body weight/d) of a daily feed-through formulation of novaluron (Novaluron 0.67% active ingredient Cattle Mix), a newer benzoylphenyl urea insecticide, were evaluated for efficacy in controlling the larval stage of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), house flies, Musca domestica L., and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), developing in cow manure. Both rates of feed-through novaluron, delivered consecutively for 10 d, reduced adult emergence of all three species when compared with the untreated control. The presence of deformed puparia indicated that novaluron had an insect growth regulator effect on the developing fly larvae. Both of the feed-through rates evaluated resulted in 100% reduction of adult stable fly emergence after the second day of feed-through treatment. The level of control efficacy observed against these three fly species make this feed-through formulation a candidate for use in an integrated livestock pest management program, particularly in confined cattle production situations where a feed-through product could be easily administered.

Toxicity and Disruptive Impacts of Novaluron, A Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, on Development and Metamorphosis of The Olive Leaf Moth Palpita unionalis

“…However, all or some of these features were observed in various insects as responses to the disruptive effects of different IGRs, such as S. littoralis by Chlorfluazuron [136], Triflumuron [72], Lufenuron [105,106], Flufenoxuron [71,72], Methoprene and Fenoxycarb [127]; Novaluron [55] and Cyromazine [78]. Also, some or all of these symptoms of the impaired metamorphosis were recorded after treatment of different insects with several IGRs, such as T. castaneum and T. confusum [137], Liriomyza trifolii [138] and Callosobruchus maculates [139] by Cyromazine; H. armigera [51], Phlebotomus papatasi [38], A. aegypti [52,39], M. domestica [54] by Novaluron; Lipaphis erysimi by Pyriproxyfen [140]; Rh. ferrugineus [121] and P. demoleus [79] by Diofenolan; Lobesia botrana by Lufenuron [141]; C. pipiens by Kinoprene [84]; etc.…”

“…It is, also, a powerful suppressor of lepidopteran larvae [43] and whiteflies [44,45] as well as some species of Hemiptera [46,47] and Coleoptera [48][49][50]. The disruptive effects of Novaluron on survival, growth, development, metamorphosis and/or morphogenesis had been reported in some insects, such as Helicoverpa armigera [51], Musca domestica [37], Phlebotomus papatasi [38], Aedes aegypti [52,39,53], Culex pipiens [42], Stomoxys calcitrans [54] and Spodoptera littoralis [55], Pectinophora gossypiella [56] as well as it disrupted the adult performance and reproductive potential [57], declined the main metabolites [58], and deteriorated the larval haemogram [59] of the latter lepidopteran pest. Its residues tend to dissipate with half-life of 2.08 days and the safe use of it on tomatoes, and possibly on other crops in Egypt was established [60].…”

Deteriorating Effects of Methoxyfenozide on Survival, Development and Metamorphosis of the Olive Leaf Moth, Palpita unionalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

“…Also, some or all of these symptoms of the impaired metamorphosis were recorded after treatment of different insects with several IGRs, such as Liriomyza trifolii (Saryazdi et al, 2012) and Callosobruchus maculates (Al-Mekhlafi et al, 2012) by cyromazine; H. armigera (Murthy and Ram, 2002), A. aegypti (Nwankwo et al, 2011) and M. domestica (Lohmeyer et al, 2014) by novaluron; Lipaphis erysimi by pyriproxyfen (Liu and Chen, 2001); Rh. ferrugineus (Tanani, 2001) and P. demoleus (Singh and Kumar, 2011) by diofenolan; Lobesia botrana by lufenuron (Saenz- de-Cabezon et al, 2005); C. pipiens by kinoprene (Hamaidia and Soltani, 2014); P. gossypiella (Ghoneim et al, 2017a) and P. unionalis (Ghoneim et al, 2017b) by novaluron; etc.…”

Locomotion Inhibition of Cimex lectularius L. Following Topical, Sublethal Dose Application of the Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Lufenuron

“…Insect growth regulators (IGRs) have an alternative mode of action to pyrethroid insecticides; affecting insect growth, development, and reproduction. Insect growth regulators have been found to be highly effective against multiple urban insect pests, including flies [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], fleas [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], termites [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], and cockroaches [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. However, their use has not been extensively investigated in bed bugs.…”