Efficacy of Management Skills Group Training for Mothers on Self-Esteem and Anxiety of Their Children With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

Background: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a profound impact on lives of thousands of children and their families. Objectives: Aim of this study was to determine effectiveness of training for mothers, on these children. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental research, 30 mothers were randomly divided into control and experimental groups and the experimental group received Barkley management skills training in 9 sessions. Results: Findings showed that anxiety in children of trained mothers was decreased and self-esteem was increased. Conclusions:The training program for mothers can be an effective method for treatment of psychological disorders in children with ADHD.

A Critical View on Motor-based Interventions to Improve Motor Skill Performance in Children With ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…Only one of the included studies had good methodological quality (PEDro-score ≥ 6) (Pan et al, 2017). Five RCTs (Da Silva et al, 2020; Meßler et al, 2018; Orangi et al, 2021; Pan et al, 2016; Yazd et al, 2015) and three CCTs (Chang et al, 2014; Pan et al, 2019; Verret et al, 2012) had moderate methodological quality, while one RCT (Ziereis & Jansen, 2015) and three CCTs (Jung & Suh, 2017; Kosari et al, 2012; Torabi et al, 2018) had low methodological quality. Table S4 presents detailed item scores for the individual studies.…”

“…We aimed to study the effectiveness of motor-based interventions in children with ADHD, as such, studies on children with a comorbid diagnosis of DCD were excluded because of their known motor deficits. However, since three studies (Jung & Suh, 2017; Kosari et al, 2012; Meßler et al, 2018) did not consider comorbidities, the intended homogeneity cannot be guaranteed. Neglecting comorbidities can cause bias in the results and outcomes of the different studies.…”

“…Seven studies (Chang et al, 2014;Kosari et al, 2012;Meßler et al, 2018;Orangi et al, 2021;Pan et al, 2017;Torabi et al, 2018;Verret et al, 2012) investigated the effectiveness of different PAPs, four of motor skill training programs (Da Silva et al, 2020;Pan et al, 2016Pan et al, , 2019Ziereis & Jansen, 2015) and two of perceptual-motor interventions (Jung & Suh, 2017;Yazd et al, 2015).…”

“…Three studies (Pan et al, 2016(Pan et al, , 2017(Pan et al, , 2019 described the presence of comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Tourette syndrome and Oppositional Defiant Disorder), while eight (Chang et al, 2014;Da Silva et al, 2020;Orangi et al, 2021;Pan et al, 2019;Torabi et al, 2018;Verret et al, 2012;Yazd et al, 2015;Ziereis & Jansen, 2015) defined clear exclusion criteria in terms of (neurodevelopmental) comorbidities. Three studies (Jung & Suh, 2017;Kosari et al, 2012;Meßler et al, 2018) did not apply any exclusion criteria on comorbid disorders, nor described their presence. Eight studies reported the number of participants that were taking medication at baseline (Chang et al, 2014;Meßler et al, 2018;Pan et al, 2016Pan et al, , 2017Pan et al, , 2019Verret et al, 2012;Yazd et al, 2015;Ziereis & Jansen, 2015), one of which considered medication intake as a randomization criterion (Pan et al, 2016).…”

“…Ten studies defined motor skills as a primary outcome measure (Da Silva et al, 2020;Jung & Suh, 2017;Kosari et al, 2012;Meßler et al, 2018;Orangi et al, 2021;Pan et al, 2016Pan et al, , 2017Pan et al, , 2019Torabi et al, 2018;Yazd et al, 2015) and three as a secondary outcome measure (Chang et al, 2014;Verret et al, 2012;Ziereis & Jansen, 2015) in addition to core ADHD symptoms (Chang et al, 2014;Verret et al, 2012), executive/cognitive functioning (Verret et al, 2012;Ziereis & Jansen, 2015) and physical fitness (Verret et al, 2012). S6 contains information on the content of the interventions, their rationale, modes of delivery and how they were tailored to the needs and/or preferences of each individual child.…”