Efficacy of Lepidium sativum against carbon tetra chloride induced hepatotoxicity and determination of its bioactive compounds by GC⿿MS

Abstract

Lepidium sativum seed (LSS) (family: Cruciferae) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of jaundice, liver problems, spleen diseases and gastrointestinal disorders. It was also reported to possess antihypertensive, diuretic, anti-asthmatic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Attempt has been made to study hepatoprotective potential of LSS available in Saudi Arabian Market. The aim of the present study was to determine the hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extracts of LSS against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced acute liver injury in rats. The bioactive compounds responsible for this activity have been analyzed by GC⿿MS.To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity, six groups (n = 6) of rats were taken. First group was control, second was toxic and other groups received oral test solutions: 100 mg/kg silymarin, or LSS (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), once daily for 7 consecutive days, followed by hepatotoxicity induction with CCl4. Blood and liver tissues were collected for biochemical, antioxidant and microscopic analyses. The bioactive constituents present in the extract were analyzed by GC⿿MS. Results showed that pretreatment with LSS and silymarin significantly reduced the level of serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin (BIL), which was increased significantly in toxic group treated with only CCl4. Histological analysis of liver tissues in groups pretreated with LSS and silymarin showed mild necrosis and inflammation of the hepatocytes compared to the toxic group. GC⿿MS analysis of LSS showed the presence of twelve major fatty acids including alpha-linolenic acid as a major constituent. These results indicated that LSS exerts enhance hepatoprotective activity that could be attributed towards its antioxidant activity, coupled together with the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds in LSS extract.

Evaluation of cardioprotective activity of Lepidium sativum seed powder in albino rats treated with 5-fluorouracil

“…In this respect, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of LS showed the presence of alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) which has an anti-inflammatory activity (Al-Asmari et al, 2015). The role of alpha linolenic acid is to downregulate the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α (Zhao et al, 2007).…”

“…The plant leaves and seeds have been used in traditional medicine. The plant is reported to have hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, diuretic (Jouad et al, 2001;Patel et al, 2009) hemagglutinating, fracture healing (Eddouks et al, 2005;Yadav et al, 2011), anti-inflammatory (Raval et al, 2013), hepatoprotective (Abuelgasim et al, 2008;Al-Asmari et al, 2015), antioxidant (Agarwal and Verma, 2011;Zia-Ul-Haq et al, 2012) and anti-carcinogenic activities .…”

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“…The injection of yeast would enhance pyrexia activity by causing an increase in the formation of prostaglandin. This would increase the body temperature in the region of the hypothalamus which has the ability in controlling the body temperature produced by pyrexia 19,16,20 .…”

Combination of metformin and luteolin synergistically protects carbon tetrachloride‐induced hepatotoxicity: Mechanism involves antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway

“…Oxidative pressure has been acknowledged as main reasons for CCl 4 ‐induced hepatic damage, which is interceded by the creation of free radical byproducts of CCl 4 , which further causes cell membrane damage and the resulting discharge of the hepatotoxicity marker enzymes. Inflammation and apoptosis are additional main pathological mechanisms through which CCl 4 ‐caused hepatic damage is proliferated . A number of evidence recommends that a mixture of two or three protective or therapeutic agents may create synergistic impacts, bringing about the decreased concentration of each medication utilized in the mixture and/or decreased side effects in comparison with medicines used in single therapy …”

“…Inflammation and apoptosis are additional main pathological mechanisms through which CCl 4 -caused hepatic damage is proliferated. 8,9 A number of evidence recommends that a mixture of two or three protective or therapeutic agents may create synergistic impacts, bringing about the decreased concentration of each medication utilized in the mixture and/or decreased side effects in comparison with medicines used in single therapy. 10,11 Met is a notable biguanide endorsed for treatment of T2D.…”