Efficacy of iodine water purification tablets against Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts

Gerba, Charles P.; Johnson, D. C.; Hasan, Michaela N.

doi:10.1580/1080-6032(1997)008[0096:eoiwpt]2.3.co;2

Cited by 33 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Such sanitizers are used both for surface disinfection and for water purification (15,21,25). Due to the environmental impact, there is a growing concern about the disposal of sanitizers and chemically synthesized disinfectants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Curvularia Haloperoxidase: Antimicrobial Activity and Potential Application as a Surface Disinfectant

Hansen

Albertsen

Schäfer

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A presumed antimicrobial enzyme system, the Curvularia haloperoxidase system, was examined with the aim of evaluating its potential as a sanitizing agent. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, Curvularia haloperoxidase facilitates the oxidation of halides, such as chloride, bromide, and iodide, to antimicrobial compounds. The Curvularia haloperoxidase system caused several-log-unit reductions in counts of bacteria (Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas salmonicida, Shewanella putrefaciens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Listeria monocytogenes), yeasts (Candida sp. and Rhodotorula sp.), and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tubigensis, Aspergillus versicolor, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium paxilli) cultured in suspension. Also, bacteria adhering to the surfaces of contact lenses were killed. The numbers of S. marcescens and S. epidermidis cells adhering to contact lenses were reduced from 4.0 and 4.9 log CFU to 1.2 and 2.7 log CFU, respectively, after treatment with the Curvularia haloperoxidase system. The killing effect of the Curvularia haloperoxidase system was rapid, and 10 6 CFU of E. coli cells/ml were eliminated within 10 min of treatment. Furthermore, the antimicrobial effect was short lived, causing no antibacterial effect against E. coli 10 min after the system was mixed. Bovine serum albumin (1%) and alginate (1%) inhibited the antimicrobial activity of the Curvularia haloperoxidase system, whereas glucose and Tween 20 did not affect its activity. In conclusion, the Curvularia haloperoxidase system is an effective sanitizing system and has the potential for a vast range of applications, for instance, for disinfection of contact lenses or medical devices.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Curvularia Haloperoxidase: Antimicrobial Activity and Potential Application as a Surface Disinfectant

Hansen

Albertsen

Schäfer

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Ninety-seven percent of backcountry surface water samples have been reported to contain the protozoan pathogens Giardia or Cryptosporidium. 11 In order to ensure safe drinking water, water should be filtered from running water sources using filters (with a pore size ideally ranging from 0.005 to 0.1 Hm), filtered using purifiers (UV light), thoroughly boiled, treated with a 1% iodine tincture, and left for between 4 and 8 hours prior to drinking or carried in as a last resort. 9,11,12 Refer to Wood 12 for more information regarding water purification methods.…”

Section: Micronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both iron and folate aid in red blood cell (erythrocyte) development. 9,11,14,19 Proper acclimatization occurs when sufficient numbers of mature red blood cells are circulating in the blood and when there is an increased volume of blood. 9,13,16 As such, people with iron or folate deficiencies or anemia should supplement their diets with iron and folate in order to aid in red blood cell development.…”

Section: Polarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition in the Wilderness

Hesterberg

Johnson

2013

Nutrition Today

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and DynaMed and the University of Vermont's library sources on proper nutrition in the backcountry, athletic energy expenditure, and military rationing for wilderness travel from the year 1980 to present. Results: Energy expenditure often increases in the backcountry. Energy expenditure in athletes frequently far exceeds (31%) their energy intake. In the backcountry, polar climates induce increased energy expenditure due to maintenance of core body temperature. High-altitude climates require a high carbohydrate intake to aid in acclimatization. Hot climates induce sweating and require fluid and electrolyte replacement. Conclusions: Many factors, including energy intake and expenditure, hydration, and climate, influence the macronutrient and micronutrient composition necessary to maintain health in the backcountry and should be taken into consideration in the planning and preparation of a backcountry expedition. Nutr Today. 2013;48(6):262Y266 BACKCOUNTRYThe backcountry, defined as ''1 or more primitive or wilderness areas that are reached primarily by hiking, boating, or horseback,'' is widely used and enjoyed by the public. 1 In 2010, more than 1.7 million people spent time in the backcountry in the National Park system, and there are more than 84 million acres of backcountry wilderness in the United States. 1 Time spent in the backcountry often involves high-exertion activities such as backpacking, skiing (both cross-country and alpine), snowboarding, ice climbing, snow walking, or mountaineering. These activities demand high energy expenditures (EEs) and intakes for participants to maintain energy balance. The climate in the backcountry can vary greatly. Climate conditions can affect the nutrient requirements of people in the backcountry. In the wilderness, it is often necessary for people to carry all their food and occasionally their water. During backcountry expeditions, there are often physically challenging activities (eg, backpacking, skiing, mountaineering) paired with harsh climates (polar, high-altitude, or hot climates) that can influence the macronutrients and micronutrients necessary for participants to maintain proper metabolic functioning. ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND ENERGY INTAKEIn the United States, nutrition is often aimed at lowering the risk of developing chronic lifestyle-related diseases and maintaining long-term optimal health for a dominantly urban and sedentary population. However, when in the backcountry, the nutritional focus shifts to more immediate needs. According to Auerbach, 2 ''when a stressful physical environment is superimposed on the physically demanding tasks associated with wilderness activities, the role of nutrition becomes of prime importance for maintenance of performance and prevention of disease and injury.'' Proper nutrition in the backcountry maintains the physical foundation for an injury-free trip and improves chances for survival. In order to maintain weight, a general rule is that 44 to 55 kcal per kilogram of body weight per day is needed to meet the energy needs of...

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“…In one study in West Africa, C. parvum was identified to be the most significant pathogen in infections characterized by acute and persistent diarrhea 2 . Cryptosporidiosis is widespread and affects all ages, 3,4,5 and documented evidence indicated the parasite as a cause of diarrhoea in 95 countries 6,7 . Cryptosporidium is recognized as a significant and widespread cause of diarrheal illness in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Parvum In Patients With And Without Diarrhea In Abuja, Nigeria

2012

IJH

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A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients that attended the Federal Staff Hospital, Abuja for the purpose of establishing whether there was a difference between the prevalence of C. parvum in patients with diarrhea compared with those without diarrhea. The stools of a total of 354 patients were examined for the presence of C. parvum infection. The females were more infected than the males, 18 (10.84%) versus 14 (7.45%). In the individuals with diarrhea, the age group of 41-50 years had the highest prevalence of C. parvum infection (3, 33.33%), followed by those that were >50 years of age (2, 20.0%), and 31-40 years (3, 18.75%). In non-diarrhea individuals, those that were aged 31-40 years had the highest prevalence of C. parvum infection, (4, 10.53%), followed by those that were aged >50 years, (1, 7.69%). The mean age of the patients was 22.96 + 0.1 years (range 1-90 years; SD 0.93), with 188 males and 166 females. Diarrhea was present in 129 patients, and 225 had no diarrhea. In 16.28% (21/129) of the patients with diarrhoea, Cryptosporidium parvum was found, while in the control group 4.89% (11/225) was found to have the parasite. Among those with diarrhea, 21 had C. parvum, while 11 did not have diarrhea but had C. parvum. This study provides data for a more appropriate management and laid credence on the importance of routine stool cultures for the detection of coccidian parasites.

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Efficacy of iodine water purification tablets against Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts

Cited by 33 publications

References 9 publications

Curvularia Haloperoxidase: Antimicrobial Activity and Potential Application as a Surface Disinfectant

Curvularia Haloperoxidase: Antimicrobial Activity and Potential Application as a Surface Disinfectant

Nutrition in the Wilderness

Cryptosporidium Parvum In Patients With And Without Diarrhea In Abuja, Nigeria

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