Efficacy of Intracerebral Immunization against Pseudorabies Virus in Mice

Shin, Jae-Ho; Sakoda, Yoshihiro; Kim, Jae-Hoon; Tanaka, Tomohisa; Kida, Hiroshi; Kimura, Takashi; Ochiai, Kenji; Umemura, Takashi

doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03849.x

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This can be surprising as the nervous system is an immuno specialized organ where directly injected viruses evade an immune response, probably through the installation of an immunosuppressive milieu . However, this is not the case when antigens or virus particles are delivered by intrathecal immunization Harling-Berg et al, 1991;Panda et al, 1965;Stevenson et al, 1997;Shin et al, 2006). It is likely that after IC inoculation of the CDV, virus induced leakage of neural cells and redirected viral antigens to the cerebrospinal fluid, the meninges and finally to the cervical lymph nodes (Hatterer et al, 2006).…”

Section: -Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High CRMP2 expression in peripheral T lymphocytes is associated with recruitment to the brain during virus-induced neuroinflammation

Vuaillat

Varrin‐Doyer

Bernard

et al. 2008

Journal of Neuroimmunology

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Section: -Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High CRMP2 expression in peripheral T lymphocytes is associated with recruitment to the brain during virus-induced neuroinflammation

Vuaillat

Varrin‐Doyer

Bernard

et al. 2008

Journal of Neuroimmunology

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“…Many neurotropic infectious agents including rabies virus [11], herpes viruses [23,30], corona viruses [25], Bornavirus [14], enterovirus [15] and influenza virus [20,21,24,31] invade the central nervous system (CNS) from the periphery via transneural spread. The protective effect of immunization via ordinary routes is limited for the transneural spread of viruses, since it may result from humoral antibodies that simply neutralize the viruses before they infect nerve cells [37][38][39].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effective Prevention against Rabies by Intracerebral Immunization in Mice

Shin

Sakoda

Yano

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. To evaluate the efficacy of intracerebral (IC) immunization, mice were immunized with a rabies vaccine by the subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM) or IC route, and 10-fold the 50% lethal dose of rabies virus was inoculated into the hindleg of the immunized or non-immunized mice. The antibody titer in serum was elevated and boosted by additional immunization via all routes, but highest after the IC immunization followed by the IM and SC routes, in this order. Intracerebrally immunized mice were completely protected from death and the neurological signs of infection, whereas the IM or SC immunization only partly protected the mice. In mouse models, IC immunization is more effective at inducing a protective immune response against the transneural spread of rabies virus than IM or SC immunization.

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“…We have previously shown that intrathecal immunization with inactivated pseudorabies virus, a neurotropic virus, completely protected the animals against lethal virus challenge, whereas all non-immunized and several subcutaneously immunized mice died after developing neurological signs [20]. Previous reports have shown that immunization via the brain or CSF elicits systemic humoral immune responses in the cervical lymph nodes, spleen, serum and CSF [7,8,19].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We previously reported that higher serum antibody titers were observed in mice after intracerebral immunization with inactivated pseudorabies virus than SC immunization [20].…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of Antibody Titers in Rabbits Following Immunization with Inactivated Influenza Virus via Subarachnoidal or Subcutaneous Route

Shin

Sakoda

Kim

et al. 2007

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Rabbits were immunized with inactivated influenza virus via the subarachnoidal (SA) or subcutaneous (SC) route, and the antibody titers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum were assayed. There were no nervous signs or morphological lesions related to SA immunization. In the SC group, the antibody titer was elevated in serum, but not elevated in CSF. In the SA group, the antibody titer was significantly elevated in serum and even in CSF, and their antibody titers were much greater than in the SC group. The present results suggest that intrathecal immunization is more effective than SC immunization at inducing a protective immune response against the transneural spread of viruses. [13,14,16,21]. Also, Yao et al. [25] reported that encephalitis was observed within 3-5 days after the intranasal infection of new mice with A/Aichi/ 2/68 INFV (H3N2) strain. The CNS and peripheral nerves are protected from impact by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [18]. The CNS is an immunologically privileged site and serum antibody does not influx into CSF under normal conditions due to blood-brain barrier (BBB) [7,12]; therefore, those neurotropic infectious agents may not meet the antibody response after they invade the nervous tissue. Serum antibody is effective after the pathogens are elicited on inflammation, which increases BBB permeability.Direct inoculation of antigens into CSF caused intrathecal immunization. We have previously shown that intrathecal immunization with inactivated pseudorabies virus, a neurotropic virus, completely protected the animals against lethal virus challenge, whereas all non-immunized and several subcutaneously immunized mice died after developing neurological signs [20]. Previous reports have shown that immunization via the brain or CSF elicits systemic humoral immune responses in the cervical lymph nodes, spleen, serum and CSF [7,8,19]. Furthermore, antigens are more immunogenic when administered into CNS than into conventional extracerebral sites. When CSF and serum antibody responses to albumin, which was administered into CSF or muscle, were compared with respect to the antibody titer in a rat model with normal BBB function, the CSF/ serum titer ratio and the ratio of immunoglobulin G subclasses were both elevated more prominently following CSF administration than intramuscular inoculation [1,2,7]. In this study, we compared the magnitude of the antibody responses in serum and CSF to inactivated INFV following immunization via the subarachnoidal (SA) or subcutaneous (SC) route, and examined the pathological effects of SA inoculation of INFV antigens in the brain.INFV, A/Aichi/2/68 INFV (H3N2) strain, was propagated in allantoic fluid of 10 day-old embryonated chicken eggs at 35°C for 48 hr. Virus was concentrated and purified by high-speed centrifugation, passed through a 10-50% sucrose density gradient, and resuspended in phosphatebuffered saline (PBS). For formalin-inactivated virus vaccines, the purified viruses were treated with 0.1% formalin at 4°C for a week. Protein concentrations o...

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Efficacy of Intracerebral Immunization against Pseudorabies Virus in Mice

Cited by 6 publications

References 46 publications

High CRMP2 expression in peripheral T lymphocytes is associated with recruitment to the brain during virus-induced neuroinflammation

High CRMP2 expression in peripheral T lymphocytes is associated with recruitment to the brain during virus-induced neuroinflammation

Effective Prevention against Rabies by Intracerebral Immunization in Mice

Comparison of Antibody Titers in Rabbits Following Immunization with Inactivated Influenza Virus via Subarachnoidal or Subcutaneous Route

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