Efficacy of Interpretation Bias Modification in Depressed Adolescents and Young Adults

Micco, Jamie A.; Henin, Aude; Hirshfeld‐Becker, Dina R.

doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9578-4

Cited by 59 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Specifically, training led to more positive and less negative interpretations for those who started out with relatively lower levels of interpretation bias, but not for those who started out with relatively higher levels of interpretation bias. This is contrary to some past research, which found CBM-I effects were enhanced for participants with higher levels of baseline bias (e.g., Micco et al, 2014; Salemink & Wiers, 2011). Perhaps the small dose of training in the current study is sufficient to help those with less extreme and less rigid biases, but more training is needed to help those with more intense initial biases.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Training less threatening interpretations over the Internet: Does the number of missing letters matter?

Steinman

Teachman

2015

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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Background and objectives Cognitive Bias Modification to reduce threat interpretations (CBM-I) trains individuals to resolve ambiguous scenarios via completion of word fragments that assign benign meanings to scenarios. The current study tested: 1) whether Internet-based CBM-I can shift interpretations to be more positive/less negative, and 2) whether varying the number of letters missing in the word fragments (assumed to increase task difficulty) moderates CBM-I’s effects. Methods Participants (N=350) completed a brief online version of CBM-I, followed by assessments of interpretation bias, fear of negative evaluation, and anticipatory anxiety. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 conditions: control (half of scenarios ended positively, half negatively), or 4 positive conditions (all scenarios ended positively, but word fragments varied on number of letters missing, from 0 to 3). Results Relative to the control condition, all positive conditions led to more positive/less negative interpretations. When analyses were re-run with only a highly socially anxious subset of the sample (n=100), conditions in which the final word of scenarios was missing 0, 1, or 2 letters led to more positive/less negative interpretations compared to the control condition, but the condition missing 3 letters did not differ from the control condition. There were no differences between conditions on other outcome measures. Limitations Training was brief, and an unselected sample was used. Conclusions Results suggest a brief Internet-based CBM-I paradigm can shift interpretation bias, but not necessarily other anxiety-relevant outcomes. Making the task too difficult may blunt effects for highly socially anxious individuals.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Training less threatening interpretations over the Internet: Does the number of missing letters matter?

Steinman

Teachman

2015

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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“…However, both studies applied the training to relatively unexplored samples. For example, the study by Micco et al (2014) trained depressed adolescents and young adults, whereas Beadel et al (2014) trained individuals scoring high in obsessive-compulsive beliefs. Moreover, the latter study also addressed a methodological aspect and investigated the trajectories of change processes over the course of the CBM-I training, including the assessment of cognitive and physiological responses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Editorial for the Special Issue on Cognitive Bias Modification Techniques: An Introduction to a Time Traveller’s Tale

Woud

Becker

2014

Cogn Ther Res

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At the time of writing (December, 2013), a search for cognitive bias modification (CBM) in SCOPUS yields 113 results. Tellingly, the earliest of the articles found by this rather crude search appear in 2009, clustering around the special issue on CBM in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology that year (Koster et al. 2009). While the term CBM had been used in the literature prior to this, and in fact research into CBM (albeit not always using this exact term) had been steadily gathering momentum since the first studies were published in 2000, there has clearly been an explosion in research on CBM in the years since. What has happened in this period? Over the past 4 years, CBM research has been on an exciting journey, with many twists and turns, ups and downs. This special issue seeks to provide an overview of this journey, and a glimpse of the road-or roads-ahead. But where to begin? The journey did not start in 2009, nor even a decade earlier when the dominant CBM paradigms were first described. To fully make sense of this journey, and all the twists in this travellers' tale, we must go back further still.Once upon a time … during the cognitive era of psychology … researchers embarked on the great adventure of exploring the 'cognitive landscape' of emotional pathology … an extremely challenging landscape…. After a few years, the first landmarks were established: cognitive biases in emotional disorders. But what did they signify? It seemed that such selective information-processing biases were crucial factors in the etiology, maintenance, and relapse of various types of emotional disorders. Hence, many cognitive theories built on this discovery in order to account for emotional pathology (e. Cognitive biases reflect a general processing advantage for disorder-relevant information. The findings of cognitive-experimental research indicate that emotional disorders are (roughly) characterized by three types of biases, i.e., biases in attention, interpretation, and memory. To illustrate, depressed or anxious individuals are, compared to healthy individuals, more likely to attend to negative cues, interpret ambiguity in a more negative manner, and selectively recall negative information (for a review, see Mathews and MacLeod 2005). According to the assumptions put forward by cognitive theories, the functional relationship between biases and emotional pathology can be described as follows: Biases are accompanied by various dysfunctional cognitions, which in turn activate dysfunctional emotional and behavioral responses. Due to the reinforcing connection between cognitions, emotions, and behavior, a 'psychopathological downward spiral' becomes activated in vulnerable individuals, possibly resulting in anxiety-or depression-related symptoms.In parallel to the development of measures to assess biases in attention, interpretation, and memory, researchers started to investigate whether it is also possible to modify biased cognitive processes. This work was motivated by the question of the causal nature of these biases: while the...

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“…However, undergoing only one session of CBM-I did not proof to be sufficient to affect mood and stress reactivity in MDD [40], and repeated CBM-I does not seem to be effective in reducing depressive symptomatology in a subclinically depressed sample consisting of adolescents and young adults [27]. …”

Section: Interpretation Bias Modificationmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Research indicates that identification with these situations is important for beneficial training effects to occur [26], as well as presence of a negative bias at baseline [27].…”

Section: Interpretation Bias Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive bias modification for depression

Koster

Hoorelbeke

2015

Current Opinion in Psychology

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The past decades have witnessed intense research on valence-specific information processing biases in depression. Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a technique that attempts to experimentally modify processing biases through extended computerized training to understand their causal role in the maintenance of depression. Moreover, reducing maladaptive processing biases has clinical potential. The current paper discusses the current state-of-the-art on CBM at the level of attentional, interpretive and memory processes. Despite strong research progress in this area and several encouraging findings it is clear that further work is needed both at the conceptual as well as at the clinical level to further optimize the understanding of the causal role and malleability of processing biases in depression.3

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Efficacy of Interpretation Bias Modification in Depressed Adolescents and Young Adults

Cited by 59 publications

References 61 publications

Training less threatening interpretations over the Internet: Does the number of missing letters matter?

Training less threatening interpretations over the Internet: Does the number of missing letters matter?

Editorial for the Special Issue on Cognitive Bias Modification Techniques: An Introduction to a Time Traveller’s Tale

Cognitive bias modification for depression

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