Efficacy of ginsenoside Rg3 nanoparticles against Ehrlich solid tumor growth in mice

Abstract

Solid tumors are fairly common and face many clinical di culties since they are hardly surgically resectable and broadly do not respond to radiation and chemotherapy. The current study aimed to fabricate ginsenoside Rg3 nanoparticles (Rg3-NPs) and evaluate their antitumor effect against Ehrlich solid tumors (EST) in mice. Rg3-NPs were fabricated using whey protein isolates (WPI), maltodextrin (MD), and gum Arabic (GA). EST was developed by the injection of mice with Ehrlich ascites cells (2.5 x 10 6 ). The mice were divided into a control group, EST group, and the EST groups that were treated orally 2 weeks for with normal Rg3 (3 mg/kg b.w), Rg3-NPs at a low dose (3 mg/kg b.w), and Rg3-NPs at a high dose (6 mg/kg b.w). Serum and solid tumors were collected for different assays. The results revealed that synthesized Rg3-NPs showed a spherical shape with an average particle size of 20 nm and zeta potential of -5.58 mV. The in vivo study revealed that EST mice showed a signi cant increase in AFP, Casp3, TNF-α, MMP-9, VEGF, MDA DNA damage accompanied by a signi cant decrease in SOD and GPx. Treatment with Rg3 or Rg3-NPs decreased the tumor weight and size and induced a signi cant improvement in all the biochemical parameters. Rg3-NPs were more effective than Rg3 and the improvement was dosedependent. It could be concluded that fabrication of Rg3-NPs enhanced the protective effect against EST development which may be due to the synergistic effect of Rg3 and MD, GA, and WPI. Plant materials and Preparation of ginsenoside Rg3 nanoparticles (Rg3-NPs)Phoenix ginseng (the standardized Panax ginseng extract) containing 3.6% ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) was supplied by LOTTE Group R & D Center (Seoul, Korea). MD, GA, and WPI (1:1:1 w/w) were dissolved in 800 ml of distilled water with stirring. Solutions were left overnight at room temperature before emulsi cation for full hydration. Rg3 was dissolved in deionized water (10 g/100 ml) and the solution was progressively added to the polymer solution with homogenization at 20000 rpm for 10 min. The concentration of polymer was 20%, and Rg3 was 10% of the polymer mass concentration. The emulsion was encapsulated using a spray drier (B-290, Buchi) equipped with a pressure air atomizing nozzle at 2.5 bar, inlet, and outlet temperatures were 160 ± 5 and 85 ± 5 o C, respectively. The dried Rg3-NPs powder was collected and stored at 4 o C until analysis (Jinapong et al. 2008).

Pharmacological properties, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of ginsenoside Rg3 as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent

“…Either Rg3 alone or Rg3 in combination with DDP suppressed the growth of colon tumor in nude mice (Lee et al, 2012b). Treatment with Rg3 decreased the tumor size of Ehrlich solid tumor in mice (El-Banna et al, 2022). In summary, increasing evidence has shown that Rg3 has therapeutic potential for the treatment of acute organ injuries and chronic diseases, which is worthy of further research.…”

“…Graphene oxide nanoparticle-loaded Rg3 promoted apoptosis and enhanced ROS generation to enhance photodynamic therapy of osteosarcoma ( Lu et al, 2021 ). Rg3 nanoparticles (Rg3-NPs) promoted apoptosis and improved oxidative stress states against Ehrlich solid tumor growth in mice ( El-Banna et al, 2022 ). Regarding tumorigenesis, abnormal expression of COX-2 and proinflammatory cytokines is associated with skin carcinogenesis ( Moon et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Either Rg3 alone or Rg3 in combination with DDP suppressed the growth of colon tumor in nude mice ( Lee et al, 2012b ). Treatment with Rg3 decreased the tumor size of Ehrlich solid tumor in mice ( El-Banna et al, 2022 ).…”

Ginsenosides: an immunomodulator for the treatment of colorectal cancer

“…Ginsenosides have gradually attracted the attention of researchers, and their role in reversing immune-suppressive TME has received special attention ( Sekar et al, 2022 ; Zhao et al, 2022 ). Increasing evidence shows that ginsenosides benefit the intestinal ecological environment of normal people and CRC patients and animals ( Hou et al, 2022 ; El-Banna et al, 2022 ; Lei et al, 2022 ). Clinical data show that CRC patients taking ginsenosides induce tumor cell cycle blockage and cell apoptosis ( Li et al, 2020 ), reduce cancer-induced collective fatigue ( Kim et al, 2020 ), and inhibit tumor metastasis ( Yun et al, 2010 ).…”

“…Ginsenosides have gradually attracted the attention of researchers, and their role in reversing immune-suppressive TME has received special attention (Sekar et al, 2022;Zhao et al, 2022). Increasing evidence shows that ginsenosides benefit the intestinal ecological environment of normal people and CRC patients and animals (Hou et al, 2022;El-Banna et al, 2022;Lei et al, 2022).…”