Efficacy of feed additives in enhancing performance of growing pigs

Veum, T. L.; Lauxen, R. C.; Yen, J. T.

doi:10.1017/s0003356100023849

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…These results further confirm other recent reports (Zivkovic and Zlatic, 1979;Moser et al, 1980;Veum et al, 1980) concerning the efficacy of carbadox (a synthetic antibacterial compound not used in human medication) in enhancing the performance of young, growing pigs. A survey of European Association of Animal Production member countries (Braude, 1978) revealed that carbadox was approved for use in swine feeding in 13 of the 19 European countries surveyed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Effect of Lysine, Tryptophan and(or) Carbadox Additions to Low Protein Corn-Soybean Meal Diets for Young Pigs

Yen

Veum

1982

Journal of Animal Science

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Addition of L-lysine (Lys), L-tryptophan (Trp) and(or 55 ppm carbadox (C) to low protein corn-soybean meal diets was evaluated in two experiments using 444 crossbred pigs. In Exp. 1, initial and final weights of pigs were 17.7 and 33.3 kg, respectively, for the 28 d experiment. Pigs fed the 13% protein diet containing added Lys (.17%) or Lys + C had average daily gains (ADG) similar to those fed the 16% protein diet (positive control group) and greater (P less than .05) than those of pigs fed the 13% protein diet (negative controls). Pigs fed the 13% protein diets containing C had average daily feed intakes (ADFI) and ADG similar to those of pigs fed the 13% protein diet / Lys. Main effect comparisons among the 13% protein groups indicated that C increased (P less than .05) ADFI and ADG and that Lys increased (P less than .01) ADG and G:F ratio. In Exp. 2, the initial pig weight for the 28 d starter period averaged 7.4 kg. A 28 d grower period followed, in which the protein level was lowered 2% across treatments. The high and low dietary protein level sequences consisted of 18 and 15%, respectively, during the starter period followed by 16 and 13%, respectively, during the grower period. Lys and(or) Trp additions were also lowered from .18 and .05% to .15 and .04%, respectively. The overall 56 d performance indicated that pigs fed the low protein dietary sequence supplemented with either Lys or C had ADFI and ADG similar to those of the high protein dietary sequence positive control group and greater (P less than .05) than those of the low protein negative control group. The combination of Lys + C further increased (P less than .05) the ADG over that of the high protein sequence group. Overall main effect comparisons among the low protein dietary sequence groups indicated that either added Lys or C increased (P less than .01) ADFI and ADG, with added Lys also increasing G:F ratio. However, added Trp did not improve any performance characteristics. These results indicate that C had a Lys sparing effect in low protein corn-soybean meal diets fed to young pigs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Carbadox, a synthetic antibacterial compound, has been shown to promote growth in young pigs (Thrasher et al, 1969;Yen et al, 1976;Moser et al, 1980;Veum et al, 1980). The mode of action whereby carbadox stimulates weight gain of pigs has not been established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Lysine, Tryptophan and(or) Carbadox Additions to Low Protein Corn-Soybean Meal Diets for Young Pigs

Yen

Veum

1982

Journal of Animal Science

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“…In different countries carbadox is also used as a feed-additive to promote animal growth (4, 8,10). The legally permitted dosage in the European Community is 50ppm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Signs and Performance of Pigs During the Administration of Different Levels of Carbadox and After Withdrawal

Nabuurs¹,

Molen²

1989

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

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Summary An experiment was designed to study the clinical effects of carbadox in pigs. Five different carbadox levels were tested namely 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm. They were compared with a control group fed on a diet without medication. After 10 weeks all pigs received a diet without carbadox till the end of the experiment, 21 weeks after the start. After two weeks of carbadox treatment the first clinical signs were observed in the 200 ppm group. The most obvious effects seen were production of dry faeces and drinking of urine from the floor or from pen‐mates. Other signs were a decreased abdominal volume, a pale skin with long withered hair, perverted eating and a restless behaviour. The haematocrit values in pigs receiving 100 ppm and upwards were increased. There was a negative correlation between the dose of carbadox and the time after which the response occurred. Weight gain was significantly lowered and feed conversion essentially poorer in the 200 ppm, 150 ppm and 100 ppm groups during the treatment as compared to the controls. No growth promoting effect was seen in the 25 and 50 ppm groups. After withdrawal of carbadox, clinical signs persisted in the 150 and 200 ppm groups. The 100 ppm group produced normal faeces 5 weeks after withdrawal, whereas drinking of urine persisted. From this study it appears that only an oral dosage of 25 ppm or lower can be given to pigs without risks of toxic effects. The widely claimed growth promoting effect of carbadox could not be confirmed in this study. This might be due to the small number of animals per group. Zusammenfassung Klinische Symptome und Gewichtsentwicklung von Schweinen während und nach der Verabreichung von Carbadox Die klinischen Effekte von Carbadox wurden beim Schwein in einem Versuch untersucht. Dabei wurden 5 Konzentrationen von Carbadox (25, 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm im Futter) getestet. Die betreffenden Tiere wurden mit einer Kontrollgruppe ohne Carbadox‐Medikation verglichen. Nach 10 Wochen erhielten alle Schweine bis zum Ende des 21 Wochen dauernden Versuchs Futter ohne Carbadox‐Zusatz. Nach zweiwöchiger Carbadox‐Zufuhr ergaben sich bei der 200 ppm Carbadox‐Gruppe die ersten klinischen Symptome. Am auffälligsten waren dabei der Absatz von von trockenem Kot und Harntrinken. Weitere Symptome waren verringerter Bauchumfang, eine blasse Haut mit verdrillten Haaren, perverser Appetit und Unruhe. Der Hämatokrit war bei den Tieren, die 100 ppm und mehr Carbadox erhielten, erhöht. Zwischen der Carbadox‐Dosierung und der Zeit bis zum Auftreten von Symptomen ergab sich eine negative Korrelation. Der Gewichtszuwachs und die Futterverwertung waren bei den Gruppen, die 200 ppm, 150 ppm und 100 ppm Carbadox erhielten, während der Behandlung im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe geringer. Bei den 25 und 50 ppm‐Gruppen war kein wachstumsfördernder Effekt von Carbadox nachweisbar. Nach dem Absetzen der Carbadox‐Verabreichung blieben bei der 150 und 200 ppm‐Gruppe die Symptome bestehen. Bei der 100 ppm‐Gruppe war der Kot 5 Wochen nach dem Absetzen der Carbadox‐Verabrei...

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“…In pig husbandry growth promoting agents are ubiquitous (2, 18,21,23). Of the grow-promoting agents used in the Netherlands carbadox is one of the most popular.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Signs and Performance of Pigs Treated with Different Doses of Carbadox, Cyadox and Olaquindox

Nabuurs

Molen

Graaf

et al. 1990

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

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An experiment was designed to study the clinical effects of different levels of carbadox, cyadox and olaquindox in the ration on health, weekly weight gain and feed conversion in pigs. Four different carbadox and olaquindox (25,50, 100 and 200ppm) levels and five different cyadox (25, 50, 100,200 and 400ppm) levels were tested in groups of 6 pigs during 6 weeks. The 13 groups were compared with a control group fed on the same diet with only vehicle.After one week the first clinical sign, a high faecal dry matter (FDM) content, was observed in the 200ppm carbadox group, followed by the 100 and 50 pprn carbadox, the 400 and 100 pprn cyadox, and the 200 and 100 pprn olaquindox groups two weeks later. A second clinical sign, urine drinking from the floor or from pen-mates, was observed in the same pens, occurring in the same sequence. The third important clinical sign, a decreased abdominal volume, was also observed in almost the same sequence, however, in the 50 pprn olaquindox and cyadox groups this clinical sign was not observed. Average weekly weight gain was significantly decreased in the higher carbadox and olaquindox groups. Weight gain was significantly increased in the 200ppm cyadox group. Hematocrit values were significantly increased in the 200 and 100 pprn carbadox groups only.From this study one may conclude that, within the dosages used, carbadox is more harmful than olaquindox for pigs, and it seems that cyadox is harmless for pigs in dosages up to 400 ppm.

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Efficacy of feed additives in enhancing performance of growing pigs

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Effect of Lysine, Tryptophan and(or) Carbadox Additions to Low Protein Corn-Soybean Meal Diets for Young Pigs

Effect of Lysine, Tryptophan and(or) Carbadox Additions to Low Protein Corn-Soybean Meal Diets for Young Pigs

Clinical Signs and Performance of Pigs During the Administration of Different Levels of Carbadox and After Withdrawal

Clinical Signs and Performance of Pigs Treated with Different Doses of Carbadox, Cyadox and Olaquindox

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