Efficacy of Fasting in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

Herz, Daniel; Haupt, Sandra; Zimmer, Rebecca T.; Wachsmuth, Nadine; Schierbauer, Janis; Zimmermann, Paul; Voït, Thomas; Thurm, Ulrike; Khoramipour, Kayvan; Rilstone, Siân; Moser, Othmar

doi:10.3390/nu15163525

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“… 415 , 416 IF is an effective strategy for controlling weight and increasing insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes and can also improve cardiometabolic outcomes. 417 , 418 The every-other-day fasting (EODF) regimen selectively stimulates beige fat development within white adipose tissue and shifts the gut microbiota composition in experimental models, explaining the mechanism through which IF ameliorates obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. 419 KD has therapeutic effects on glycemia, lipid control, and weight reduction in T2DM patients.…”

Section: Implications Of Dietary Intervention For Other Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Xiao,

Gong,

et al. 2024

Sig Transduct Target Ther

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Diet, serving as a vital source of nutrients, exerts a profound influence on human health and disease progression. Recently, dietary interventions have emerged as promising adjunctive treatment strategies not only for cancer but also for neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. These interventions have demonstrated substantial potential in modulating metabolism, disease trajectory, and therapeutic responses. Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of malignant progression, and a deeper understanding of this phenomenon in tumors and its effects on immune regulation is a significant challenge that impedes cancer eradication. Dietary intake, as a key environmental factor, can influence tumor metabolism. Emerging evidence indicates that dietary interventions might affect the nutrient availability in tumors, thereby increasing the efficacy of cancer treatments. However, the intricate interplay between dietary interventions and the pathogenesis of cancer and other diseases is complex. Despite encouraging results, the mechanisms underlying diet-based therapeutic strategies remain largely unexplored, often resulting in underutilization in disease management. In this review, we aim to illuminate the potential effects of various dietary interventions, including calorie restriction, fasting-mimicking diet, ketogenic diet, protein restriction diet, high-salt diet, high-fat diet, and high-fiber diet, on cancer and the aforementioned diseases. We explore the multifaceted impacts of these dietary interventions, encompassing their immunomodulatory effects, other biological impacts, and underlying molecular mechanisms. This review offers valuable insights into the potential application of these dietary interventions as adjunctive therapies in disease management.

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Section: Implications Of Dietary Intervention For Other Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Xiao,

Gong,

et al. 2024

Sig Transduct Target Ther

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“…Persistently high blood glucose levels, known as hyperglycemia, are the main features of diabetes 1 . According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of diabetics was 171 million in 2000 and is estimated to reach 366 million by 2030 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ATP releasing channels and the ameliorative effects of high intensity interval training on diabetic heart: a multifaceted analysis

Joukar,

Rajizadeh,

Bejeshk

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) can cause severe cardiac complications at functional, histologic and molecular levels. These pathological complications could be mediated by ATP-releasing channels such as Panx1 and ATP receptors, in particular P2X7. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on T2D-induced cardiac complications at the functional, histopathological and molecular levels, with a particular focus on ATP-releasing channels. 48 male Wistar rats at the age of 8 weeks were randomly allocated into four groups: control (Con), Diabetes (T2D), Training (TR), and Diabetes + Training (T2D + TR). T2D was induced by a high-fat diet plus a low dose (35 mg/kg) of STZ administration. Rats in the TR and T2D + TR groups underwent an 8-weeks training program involving intervals ranging from 80 to 100% of their maximum running speed (Vmax), with 4–10 intervals per session. Protein expression of Interleukin 1β (IL1β), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), Pannexin 1 (Panx1), P2X7R (purinergic P2X receptor 7), NLRP1 (NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 1), BAX, and Bcl2 were measured in the heart tissue. Additionally, we assessed heart function, histopathological changes, as well as insulin resistance using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In contrast to the T2D group, HIIT led to increased protein expression of Bcl2 and IL-10 in the heart. It also resulted in improvements in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, ± dp/dt (maximum and minimum changes in left ventricular pressure), while reducing protein expression of IL-1β, Panx1, P2X7R, NLRP1, and BAX levels in the heart. Furthermore, left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP) was reduced (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, heart lesion scores increased with T2D but decreased with HIIT, along with a reduction in fibrosis percentage (P ≤ 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the cardioprotective effects of HIIT on the diabetic heart may be mediated by the modulation of ATP-releasing channels. This modulation may lead to a reduction in inflammation and apoptosis, improve cardiac function, and attenuate cardiac injury and fibrosis.

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“…It has been speculated that IF could provide auxiliary support for individuals with T1D by reducing the need for exogenous insulin. A review of prior studies suggests that fasting in T1D has potential beneficial outcomes when adjustments to insulin are properly managed to support glycemic control 20 . In summary, IF has been proven effective in clinical and pre-clinical settings to counteract metabolic dysfunction observed in T2D and islet dysfunction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic intermittent fasting impairs β-cell maturation and function in adolescent mice

Matta,

Weber,

Erener

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Intermittent fasting (IF) is a nutritional lifestyle intervention with broad metabolic benefits, but whether the impact of IF depends on the individual's age is unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of IF on systemic metabolism and pancreatic islet function in old, middle-aged, and young mice. Short-term IF improved glucose homeostasis across all age groups, without altering islet function and morphology. In contrast, while chronic IF was beneficial for adult mice, it resulted in impaired β-cell function in the young. Using scRNAseq, we delineated that the β-cell maturation and function score were reduced in young mice. In human islets, a similar pattern was observed in Type 1 (T1D), but not in Type 2 diabetes (T2D), suggesting that the impact of chronic IF in adolescence is linked to the development of β-cell dysfunction. Our study suggests considering the duration of IF in younger people, as it may enhance rather than reduce diabetes outcomes.

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Efficacy of Fasting in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

Cited by 14 publications

References 96 publications

Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

ATP releasing channels and the ameliorative effects of high intensity interval training on diabetic heart: a multifaceted analysis

Chronic intermittent fasting impairs β-cell maturation and function in adolescent mice

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