Efficacy of commercially available vaccines against canine leptospirosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Esteves, Stephanie Bergmann; Santos, Cassia Moreira; Salgado, Fabiana Ferreira; Gonçales, Amane Paldês; Guilloux, Aline Gil Alves; Martins, Camila Marinelli; Hagiwara, Mitika K.; Miotto, Bruno Alonso

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.021

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental trials of 21 commercially available vaccines found >80% protection against clinical disease and kidney carrier status in dogs (studies of vaccines designed for dogs in hamsters, guinea pigs, and other mammalian species were excluded). 37 However, trials typically involved use of high doses of leptospires administered intraperitoneally, conditions which do not mimic natural exposure. Vaccines protect for at least 12 months, [141][142][143] with several manufacturers providing product guarantee for 15 months after proper administration.…”

Section: Prognosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After introduction of 4-serovar vaccines in North America in the mid-2000s and subsequently in Europe and South America, leptospirosis has been recognized predominantly in unvaccinated dogs or dogs vaccinated with 2-serovar vaccines. 6,37 Although traditionally the dog has been considered the reservoir host for serovar Canicola, this paradigm has been challenged by the identification of chronic subclinical infections in dogs with other serovars, the detection of serovar Canicola in dogs with acute disease, and the identification of other host species, such as rodents, horses, and pigs, as the source of serovar Canicola strains. 17,38,39 In addition, 1 model indicated that rodents served as the main source of environmental contamination even when dog-adapted strains were present in a population of humans, rodents, and free-roaming and owned dogs.…”

Section: Because Immunity Induced By Vaccination With Current Leptospiramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current vaccines can prevent disease resulting from experimental challenge and can decrease shedding of vaccinal serovars. A recent systematic review and meta‐analysis of experimental trials of 21 commercially available vaccines found >80% protection against clinical disease and kidney carrier status in dogs (studies of vaccines designed for dogs in hamsters, guinea pigs, and other mammalian species were excluded) 37 . However, trials typically involved use of high doses of leptospires administered intraperitoneally, conditions which do not mimic natural exposure.…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Updated ACVIM consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs

Sykes,

Francey,

Schuller

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Since publication of the last consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs, there has been revision of leptospiral taxonomy and advancements in typing methods, widespread use of new diagnostic tests and vaccines, and improved understanding of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease. Leptospirosis continues to be prevalent in dogs, including in small breed dogs from urban areas, puppies as young as 11 weeks of age, geriatric dogs, dogs in rural areas, and dogs that have been inadequately vaccinated for leptospirosis (including dogs vaccinated with 2‐serovar Leptospira vaccines in some regions). In 2021, the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) Board of Regents voted to approve the topic for a revised Consensus Statement. After identification of core panelists, a multidisciplinary group of 6 experts from the fields of veterinary medicine, human medicine, and public health was assembled to vote on the recommendations using the Delphi method. A draft was presented at the 2023 ACVIM Forum, and a written draft posted on the ACVIM website for comment by the membership before submission to the editors of the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. This revised document provides guidance for veterinary practitioners on disease in dogs as well as cats. The level of agreement among the 12 voting members (including core panelists) is provided in association with each recommendation. A denominator lower than 12 reflects abstention of ≥1 panelists either because they considered the recommendation to be outside their scope of expertise or because there was a perceived conflict of interest.

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Section: Prognosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Because Immunity Induced By Vaccination With Current Leptospiramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Updated ACVIM consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs

Sykes,

Francey,

Schuller

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…However, it also appears that cell-mediated responses contribute to protection against some serovars such as Hardjo in cattle. In animals, such as dogs, there is currently no gold standard methodology for in vitro prediction of experimental in vivo evaluation of vaccine efficacy [ 23 ]. In the case of recombinant vaccines, several vaccine approaches have been tested, including bacterial DNA, viral delivery vaccines, live attenuated bacteria, and subunit vaccines [ 24 ].…”

Section: Leptospirosis and Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, none of the recombinant protein pools conferred protection against kidney colonization [ 25 ]. In metanalysis research involving vaccines and vaccination for dogs, researchers estimated a general 84% protection against carrier status [ 23 ]. The American Veterinary Medical Association explains that currently available vaccines effectively prevent leptospirosis and protect dogs for at least 12 months [ 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Leptospirosis and Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the PF07598-Encoded Virulence-Modifying Proteins of L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii

2022

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Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease, with increasing frequency and severity of outbreaks, a changing epidemiology of populations at risk, and the emergence of new strains, serovars, serogroups, and species. Virulence-modifying (VM) proteins encoded by the PF07598 gene family are hypothesized to be Leptospira-secreted exotoxins that mediate the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of severe and fatal leptospirosis. If confirmed experimentally, this concept could revolutionize the treatment, diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine-mediated prevention of leptospirosis by enabling a novel array of targeted interventions. VM proteins, as with other bacterial-secreted protein exotoxins, mediate their virulence effects by attaching to eukaryotic cells, competing with other microorganisms for limited resources in environmental niches, directly intoxicating target cells, and disrupting their function in the mammalian host. In contrast with the most pathogenic group of Lept ospira, particularly L. interrogans, whose genomes contain 12–15 PF07598 paralogs, strains of the livestock and human pathogen L. borgpetersenii have two PF07598 paralogs. Given the possible non-environmentally mediated transmission of some L. borgpetersenii strains and the much smaller number of VM proteins in this species, their role in infection and disease may well differ from other leptospiral species. Comparison of VM proteins from different clades of pathogenic Leptospira may deepen our understanding of leptospirosis’s pathogenesis, leading to novel approaches to ameliorating Leptospira infection in humans and animals.

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