Efficacy of bithionol as an oral treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (L.)

Florent, Renee L.; Becker, Joy A.; Powell, Mark D.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.082

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…() also supported the results and suggested that hydrogen peroxide could be used as treatment at lower seawater temperatures. In accordance with the current study and regardless of treatment method, there is consensus in the literature that the treatment does not cure the fish, but delays the development of the disease and growth of the amoeba (Adams et al., ; Florent, Becker & Powell, ; Hytterød et al., ; Mitchell & Rodger, ). The fact that the fish were not cured could be due to the nature of the infection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Based on the results in the current study, the development of the disease seems to be more rapid at high seawater temperatures compared with lower temperatures, as there was a significant effect of treatment nested within temperature groups (Figure 1). In addition, treatment with hydrogen peroxide was shown to be most effective at a low temperature (8°C) and delayed the reinfection by , 2012;Florent, Becker & Powell, 2007;Hytterød et al, 2017;Mitchell & Rodger, 2011). The fact that the fish were not cured could be due to the nature of the infection.…”

Section: Treatment With Hydrogen Peroxidementioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of hydrogen peroxide as treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) in different temperatures

2018

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Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a pathogenic disease in salmonids caused by Neoparamoeba perurans. Treatment of AGD infection has been through freshwater bathing of the fish. However, as the availability of fresh water is often limited, hydrogen peroxide has been introduced as an alternative treatment. This study investigated the effect of hydrogen peroxide as treatment for AGD-infected salmon (Salmo salar L.,) at different seawater temperatures and hydrogen peroxide dosages. In total, 600 fish were challenged with N. perurans and the severity of the AGD infection was measured using a gill score scale. After challenge and disease development, the fish were distributed into 12 tanks. The treatment was performed at different seawater temperatures (8°C, 12°C, 17°C) using different hydrogen peroxide doses. Each temperature included an untreated control group. Linear models were used to analyse gill score. A significant effect of treatment was found (À0.68 AE 0.05) regardless of dose and temperature, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide was effective in treating AGD. When the model included dose, a negative linear relationship between dose and gill score was found. The study proved that treatment of AGD with hydrogen peroxide was successful, as gills partially recovered following treatment and further disease development was delayed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Treatment With Hydrogen Peroxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of hydrogen peroxide as treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) in different temperatures

2018

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“…Bithionol, an antiprotozoal drug, has been assessed as an in‐feed treatment for AGD (Florent, Becker & Powell 2007, 2009). Fish were fed for 2 weeks prophylactically at 25 mg kg −1 prior to exposure to AGD challenge.…”

Section: Amoebaementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of infectious gill disease in marine salmonid fish

Mitchell¹,

Rodger²

2011

Journal of Fish Diseases

130

140

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Infectious gill diseases of marine salmonid fish present a significant challenge in salmon-farming regions. Infectious syndromes or disease conditions affecting marine-farmed salmonids include amoebic gill disease (AGD), proliferative gill inflammation (PGI) and tenacibaculosis. Pathogens involved include parasites, such as Neoparamoeba perurans, bacteria, such as Piscichlamydia salmonis and Tenacibaculum maritimum, and viruses, such as the Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus (ASPV). The present level of understanding of these is reviewed with regard to risk factors, potential impacting factors, methods of best practice to mitigate infectious gill disease, as well as knowledge gaps and avenues for future research.

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“…The treatment groups were (i) the control, an oil coated commercial diet, (ii) prophylactic, a bithionol treated diet at 25 mg kg −1 feed, fed for 14 days prior to exposure and (iii) therapeutic bithionol fed at the presentation of clinical signs. This dose was chosen based on previous work, which showed bithionol to be effective when administered orally at 25 mg kg −1 feed (Florent et al. 2007a).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it was not commercially viable and other mucolytic agents ( N ‐acetyl cysteine) were not efficacious (Powell, Ransome, Barney, Duijf & Flik 2007). Bithionol, a phenolic compound reported as effective against bacteria, moulds, yeast and parasites (Santamarina, Tojo, Ubeira, Quinteiro & Sanmartin 1991; Tojo, Santamarina, Leiro, Ubeira & Sanmartin 1994; Kim & Choi 1998), was found to be both non‐toxic and efficacious; during a laboratory infection in which bithionol was prophylactically orally administered at 25 mg kg −1 feed, the intensity of AGD pathology was significantly delayed and reduced compared with the control fish (Florent, Becker & Powell 2007a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further development of bithionol therapy as a treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Florent¹,

Becker²,

Powell³

2009

Journal of Fish Diseases

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This study examined the efficacy of bithionol as a prophylactic or therapeutic oral treatment for Atlantic salmon (AS), Salmo salar, affected by amoebic gill disease (AGD). Furthermore, it explored the interaction of bithionol oral therapy with the current standard treatment (a freshwater bath for at least 3 h). The efficacy of three medicated feeds was determined in the trial by feeding AGD-affected AS at 1% body weight (BW) day(-1) either oil coated commercial feed (control) or prophylactic and therapeutic bithionol at 25 mg kg(-1) feed. Feeding commenced 2 weeks prior to exposure to Neoparamoeba spp. at 300 cells L(-1) and continued for 49 days post-exposure (PE). Bithionol when fed as a 2-week prophylactic or therapeutic treatment at 25 mg kg(-1) feed delayed the onset of AGD pathology and reduced the percentage of gill filaments with lesions. Administration of a 3-h freshwater bath at 28 days PE significantly reduced amoeba numbers to a similar level across all treatments; in contrast, gross gill score and percent lesioned filaments were reduced to different extents, the control having a significantly higher score than both bithionol treatments. Following the freshwater bath, clinical signs of AGD increased at a similar level across all treatments, albeit controls were significantly higher than the bithionol treatments immediately following freshwater treatment. This study demonstrated that bithionol at 25 mg kg(-1) feed, when fed as a 2-week prophylactic or a therapeutic treatment, delayed and reduced the intensity of AGD pathology and warrants further investigation as a treatment for AGD-affected AS.

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Efficacy of bithionol as an oral treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (L.)

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of hydrogen peroxide as treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) in different temperatures

Effect of hydrogen peroxide as treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) in different temperatures

A review of infectious gill disease in marine salmonid fish

Further development of bithionol therapy as a treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

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