Efficacy of an injectable toltrazuril – gleptoferron (Forceris®) to control coccidiosis (Cystoisospora suis) in comparison with iron supplemented piglets without anticoccidial treatment

Hiob, Lysanne; Holzhausen, I.; Šperling, Daniel; Pagny, G; Meppiel, Laurianne; Isaka, N.; Daugschies, Arwid

doi:10.1016/j.vpoa.2019.100002

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Treatment is scheduled from the first to the third day of life (24–96 h after birth) as a single intramuscular injection of a fixed dose of 1.5 mL/piglet corresponding to 45 mg of toltrazuril and 200 mg of iron [ 37 ]. Efficacy of Forceris was confirmed in comparison with an established reference product (oral toltrazuril suspension; Baycox 5%, Bayer Animal Health, Leverkusen, Germany) in a C. suis challenge model [ 16 , 22 ] as well in a multicenter field trial [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Absorption and Distribution of Toltrazuril and Toltrazuril Sulfone in Plasma, Intestinal Tissues and Content of Piglets after Oral or Intramuscular Administration

et al. 2021

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Piglet coccidiosis due to Cystoisospora suis is a major cause of diarrhea and poor growth worldwide. It can effectively be controlled by application of toltrazuril (TZ), and oral formulations have been licensed for many years. Recently, the first parenteral formulation containing TZ in combination with iron (gleptoferron) was registered in the EU for the prevention of coccidiosis and iron deficiency anemia, conditions in suckling piglets requiring routine preventive measures. This study evaluated the absorption and distribution of TZ and its main metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZ-SO2), in blood and intestinal tissues after single oral (20 mg/kg) or single intramuscular (45 mg/piglet) application of TZ. Fifty-six piglets were randomly allocated to the two treatment groups. Animals were sacrificed 1-, 5-, 13-, and 24-days post-treatment and TZ and TZ-SO2 levels were determined in blood, jejunal tissue, ileal tissue, and mixed jejunal and ileal content (IC) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Intramuscular application resulted in significantly higher and more sustained concentrations of both compounds in plasma, intestinal tissue, and IC. Higher concentrations after oral dosing were only observed one day after application of TZ in jejunum and IC. Toltrazuril was quickly metabolized to TZ-SO2 with maximum concentrations on day 13 for both applications. Remarkably, TZ and TZ-SO2 accumulated in the jejunum, the primary predilection site of C. suis, independently of the administration route, which is key to their antiparasitic effect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the first parenteral formulation containing toltrazuril in combination with iron was developed and registered in the EU for the prevention of both coccidiosis and iron deficiency anemia [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absorption and Distribution of Toltrazuril and Toltrazuril Sulfone in Plasma, Intestinal Tissues and Content of Piglets after Oral or Intramuscular Administration

et al. 2021

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“…The high efficacy of parenteral toltrazuril against porcine cystoisosporosis has previously been demonstrated in experimental and field trials [4, 16]. Since we wanted to compare the outcome of parenteral toltrazuril treatment on the 2nd dol against infection with C. suis on the 1st dol versus the 3rd dol, we employed the infection model using the same toltrazuril-sensitive C. suis strain and the same treatment regime as before [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of injectable toltrazuril-iron combination product and oral toltrazuril against early experimental infection of suckling piglets with Cystoisospora suis

et al. 2019

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Background Toltrazuril is frequently administered for the metaphylactic control of piglet cystoisosporosis. In a previous study, the efficacy of parenteral toltrazuril (45 mg/piglet, Group Forceris®) applied on the 2nd day of life (dol), and of oral toltrazuril (20 mg/kg of body weight, Group Baycox®) applied on the 4th dol was evaluated in an experimental model with Cystoisospora suis infection on the 3rd dol (late infection, LI). In a follow-up study, efficacy and safety were evaluated against infections with C. suis on the 1st dol (early infection, EI). Parameters included oocyst excretion and faecal consistency, body weight development, bacteriological examinations and animal health. Results All control piglets ( n = 12) shed oocysts and had diarrhoea, while parasite excretion was completely suppressed in both treatment groups ( n = 13 each) and diarrhoea was reduced to a single animal (Forceris® group), resulting in significant differences for these parameters between the treated groups and the controls without significant differences among the treatment groups. No treatment-related adverse events were noted. Body weight gain was reduced in the control group during the acute phase of infection, resulting in significantly lower body weight on the 15th dol. Sows and piglets shed high numbers of Escherichia coli . Clostridium perfringens type A was only detected in low amounts in pooled litter samples. In comparison to the LI study oocyst shedding was more intense in the control animals in EI, while diarrhea was more frequent in LI. In both infection models a high efficacy of toltrazuril in the control of parasitological and clinical outcomes of experimental C. suis infection could be demonstrated. Since in the LI study high numbers of Cl. perfringens type A were detected, it is hypothesized that colonization with these opportunistic pathogens has synergistic effects with C. suis and may explain variable clinical outcomes in untreated animals as well as the sporadic occurrence of diarrhea in toltrazuril-treated piglets. Conclusions Parenteral and oral toltrazuril administered on the 2nd or 4th dol is safe and effective against experimental infections with C. suis on the 1st to 3rd dol. The clinical outcome of experimental infections seems influenced by bacterial coinfections.

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“…Interestingly, farms with a more intensive system and farrowing every week were positive less often for C. suis (6 out of 11; 54.5%) compared to those that practised a two to five batch management (6 out of 6; 100% positive) (Figure 2). lesions and oocyst shedding on the highly contaminated farms where infection pressure is particularly high (Hiob et al 2019;Joachim et al 2019). The poor acceptance of the oral toltrazuril treatment by the piglets may negatively impact the reliable dosing, especially if the piglets are vomiting or do not tolerate the oral application (Hiob et al 2019).…”

Section: Oocyst Excretion and Faecal Consistencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…lesions and oocyst shedding on the highly contaminated farms where infection pressure is particularly high (Hiob et al 2019;Joachim et al 2019). The poor acceptance of the oral toltrazuril treatment by the piglets may negatively impact the reliable dosing, especially if the piglets are vomiting or do not tolerate the oral application (Hiob et al 2019). The possibility of underdosing should be considered mainly on farms where the piglets are treated at the end of the first week with doses less than 1 ml (50 mg) of 5% oral toltrazuril.…”

Section: Oocyst Excretion and Faecal Consistencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Suckling piglet coccidiosis on farms in the Czech Republic - A pilot study

Šperling¹,

Karembe²,

Vaňhara³

et al. 2020

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Suckling piglet coccidiosis is a common diarrhoeal disease of unweaned pigs caused by Cystoisospora suis with previously reported herd prevalences of 60% and more. The parasite quickly spreads in affected herds and causes malabsorption and a reduced and uneven body weight gain. The only drug currently licenced for the control of porcine cystoisosporiasis is toltrazuril, which suppresses parasite development and the corresponding diarrhoea. A recent study detected high prevalences of C. suis on swine farms in Austria, Germany, Spain and the Czech Republic independent of the treatment. Here, the situation in the Czech Republic is evaluated in more detail. In total, faecal samples from 161 litters (two samples/litter in the second and third week of life) from 17 farms (250–2 000 sows) were examined for the presence of C. suis oocysts by autofluorescence and for faecal consistency. An accompanying questionnaire revealed details on the herd management and treatments. Eight farms applied toltrazuril on the 3rd, 4th or 5th day of life. Overall, 70.6% of the farms and 32.2% of the litters were positive for C. suis at least once, 39.4% in the untreated litters (n = 76) and 24.8% in the treated litters (n = 85). Diarrhoea occurred on eight farms (six with the toltrazuril treatment) in 11.9% of the untreated and 2.5% of the treated litters. This study shows that coccidiosis is still common in Czech swine farms and that treatment in the recommended time frame may reduce the diarrhoea, but cannot interrupt the parasite’s life cycle. Some type of effective disinfection, which may have contributed to a more effective parasite control, was not in place in any of the farms.

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Efficacy of an injectable toltrazuril – gleptoferron (Forceris®) to control coccidiosis (Cystoisospora suis) in comparison with iron supplemented piglets without anticoccidial treatment

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Absorption and Distribution of Toltrazuril and Toltrazuril Sulfone in Plasma, Intestinal Tissues and Content of Piglets after Oral or Intramuscular Administration

Absorption and Distribution of Toltrazuril and Toltrazuril Sulfone in Plasma, Intestinal Tissues and Content of Piglets after Oral or Intramuscular Administration

Efficacy of injectable toltrazuril-iron combination product and oral toltrazuril against early experimental infection of suckling piglets with Cystoisospora suis

Suckling piglet coccidiosis on farms in the Czech Republic - A pilot study

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Efficacy of an injectable toltrazuril – gleptoferron (Forceris®) to control coccidiosis (Cystoisospora suis) in comparison with iron supplemented piglets without anticoccidial treatment

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Absorption and Distribution of Toltrazuril and Toltrazuril Sulfone in Plasma, Intestinal Tissues and Content of Piglets after Oral or Intramuscular Administration

Absorption and Distribution of Toltrazuril and Toltrazuril Sulfone in Plasma, Intestinal Tissues and Content of Piglets after Oral or Intramuscular Administration

Efficacy of injectable toltrazuril-iron combination product and oral toltrazuril against early experimental infection of suckling piglets with Cystoisospora suis

Suckling piglet coccidiosis on farms in the Czech Republic - A pilot study

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Suckling piglet coccidiosis on farms in the Czech Republic - A pilot study