Efficacy of an injectable, sustained-release formulation of moxidectin in preventing experimental heartworm infection in mongrel dogs challenged 12 months after administration

Lok, James B.; Knight, D. H.; Nolan, Thomas J.; Grubbs, Steven T.; Cleale, R. M.; Heaney, Kathleen

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.11.010

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Most monthly HW preventives work by killing the larval HWs inhabiting the host at the time of treatment, with little or no residual activity. PH 6 and PH 12 both provide extended protection in dogs against HW disease [10, 11, 24, 39, 40] to provide immediate preventive effects as HW larvae are introduced into the dog due to the persistent availability of the drug in these formulations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ProHeart® 12, a moxidectin extended-release injectable formulation for prevention of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs in the USA for 12 months

et al. 2019

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Background The efficacy of an extended-release injectable moxidectin (0.5 mg/kg) suspension (ProHeart® 12) (PH 12) in preventing the development of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs for 12 months was investigated in laboratory and field studies in the USA. Methods In each of two laboratory studies, 20 dogs ≥ 12 months of age were randomly allocated to receive a subcutaneous injection of saline or PH 12 on Day 0 and were then inoculated with 50 D. immitis third-stage larvae (L 3 ) on Day 365. All dogs were necropsied ~ 5 months post-inoculation for adult worm counts. The field efficacy study included dogs ≥ 10 months of age from 19 veterinary clinics in the USA treated with either 20 monthly doses of Heartgard® Plus (HG Plus) (296 dogs) or two doses of PH 12 (297 dogs) on Days 0 and 365. Efficacy was determined on Days 365, 480 and 605 using adult HW antigen and microfilaria testing to assess adult HW infection. Results PH 12 was 100% effective in preventing HW disease in all three of these studies. In the laboratory studies, no PH 12-treated dogs had any adult HWs, whereas all control dogs in both studies had adult HWs [geometric mean, 30.2 (range, 22–37) for Study 1 and 32.6 (22–44) for Study 2]. In the field study, all dogs treated with PH 12 tested negative for adult HW infection on all test days (Days, 365, 480 and 605), whereas four dogs receiving HG Plus (positive control) tested positive for HWs during the study (three dogs on Day 365 and one dog on Day 480). All four dogs treated with HG Plus that subsequently tested positive for HWs during the field study were from the lower Mississippi River Valley region, where HW resistance to macrocyclic lactone preventives has been confirmed to occur. PH 12 was significantly better than HG Plus in preventing heartworm disease in the field study ( P = 0.0367). PH 12 was well-tolerated in both laboratory and field studies. Conclusions A single dose of ProHeart® 12 was 100% effective in preventing heartworm disease in dogs for a full year in both laboratory and field studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ProHeart® 12, a moxidectin extended-release injectable formulation for prevention of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs in the USA for 12 months

et al. 2019

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“…Nevertheless, in endemic areas there is the recommendation to treat year-round with ivermectin, milbemycin oxime or selamectin, which provides protection when administered on a regular basis even if begun 3 months after infection [92,153,165]. In some countries there is also the option to use injectable moxidectin sustained-release formulation to protect dogs for the entire vector season [166,167]. …”

Section: Treatment and Control: What's New?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated

2010

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Cardiopulmonary nematodes of dogs and cats cause parasitic diseases of central relevance in current veterinary practice. In the recent past the distribution of canine and feline heartworms and lungworms has increased in various geographical areas, including Europe. This is true especially for the metastrongyloids Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis, the filarioid Dirofilaria immitis and the trichuroid Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Capillaria aerophila). The reasons of this emergence are little known but many drivers such as global warming, changes in vector epidemiology and movements in animal populations, may be taken into account. The purpose of this article is to review the knowledge of the most important heartworm and lungworm infections of dogs and cats in Europe. In particular recent advances in epidemiology, clinical and control are described and discussed.

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“…One of the goals of prevention is to reduce the reservoir population and decrease the prevalence of infection among unprotected dogs. The macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, and selamectin) are the most commonly used chemoprophylaxis agents: they are safe, effective and are administered either in oral, topical, or parenteral formulations at monthly or six-month intervals [19, 21, 22]. These drugs are effective against Dirofilaria immitis third-stage larvae (L3) and L4, which have developed within the previous 30 days, and thus prevent disease caused by adult worms [4, 13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs of central Portugal

Vieira

Oliveira

et al. 2014

Parasite

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The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors concerning Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from Figueira da Foz, located in the central region of Portugal. In the period between November 2009 and January 2011, 304 blood samples were obtained from dogs over 1 year of age, with no previous history of heartworm prevention or diagnosis. Every blood sample was analyzed using varied laboratory techniques (direct microscopic evaluation of a fresh blood sample, the modified Knott technique, and the ELISA antigen detection test – IDEXX Snapp®). In the samples in which microfilaremia was detected, a histochemical technique using acid phosphatase staining was applied to identify the species of microfilariae. A total prevalence of 27.3% (83 out of 304) was found. We also found that 73.5% of all positive cases (61 out of 83) were microfilaremic, and 26.5% were occult infections (22 out of 83). By means of a histochemical technique Dirofilaria immitis was identified in 96.7% of microfilaremic samples. A multivariate model allowed us to identify the following risk factors for the presence of heartworm disease: age between 4 and 9 years, dogs living in a rural environment, large breed dogs, and living outdoors. This study shows for the first time the high prevalence of heartworm disease in a central area of Portugal and emphasizes the importance of systematic screening for this disease, as well as the need to prevent it in dogs in this area.

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Efficacy of an injectable, sustained-release formulation of moxidectin in preventing experimental heartworm infection in mongrel dogs challenged 12 months after administration

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

ProHeart® 12, a moxidectin extended-release injectable formulation for prevention of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs in the USA for 12 months

ProHeart® 12, a moxidectin extended-release injectable formulation for prevention of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs in the USA for 12 months

Canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated

Prevalence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs of central Portugal

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