Efficacy of a Yeast Cell Wall Extract to Mitigate the Effect of Naturally Co-Occurring Mycotoxins Contaminating Feed Ingredients Fed to Young Pigs: Impact on Gut Health, Microbiome, and Growth

Abstract

Mycotoxins are produced by fungi and are potentially toxic to pigs. Yeast cell wall extract (YCWE) is known to adsorb mycotoxins and improve gut health in pigs. One hundred and twenty growing (56 kg; experiment 1) and 48 nursery piglets (6 kg; experiment 2) were assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design for 35 and 48 days, respectively. Factors were mycotoxins (no addition versus experiment 1: 180 μg/kg aflatoxins and 14 mg/kg fumonisins; or experiment 2: 180 μg/kg aflatoxins and 9 mg/kg fumonisins, and 1 mg/kg deoxynivalenol) and YCWE (0% versus 0.2%). Growth performance, blood, gut health and microbiome, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) data were evaluated. In experiment 1, mycotoxins reduced ADG and G:F, and duodenal IgG, whereas in jejunum, YCWE increased IgG and reduced villus width. In experiment 2, mycotoxins reduced BW, ADG, and ADFI. Mycotoxins reduced ADG, which was recovered by YCWE. Mycotoxins reduced the AID of nutrients evaluated and increased protein carbonyl, whereas mycotoxins and YCWE increased the AID of the nutrients and reduced protein carbonyl. Mycotoxins reduced villus height, proportion of Ki-67-positive cells, and increased IgA and the proportion of bacteria with mycotoxin-degrading ability, whereas YCWE tended to increase villus height and reduced IgA and the proportion of pathogenic bacteria in jejunum. The YCWE effects were more evident in promoting gut health and growth in nursery pigs, which showed higher susceptibility to mycotoxin effects.

Investigation of the Efficacy of a Postbiotic Yeast Cell Wall-Based Blend on Newly-Weaned Pigs under a Dietary Challenge of Multiple Mycotoxins with Emphasis on Deoxynivalenol

“…Body weight of pigs and feed consumption by pigs were recorded weekly and used to obtain average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G/F). On d 35, 10 mL blood samples from the external jugular vein were collected with 0.8 × 32 mm needles (Eclipse, Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and serum blood collection tubes (Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) using a vacutainer tube holder, following procedures routinely employed by our research group [ 20 , 86 , 87 ]. Serum samples were stored at −80 °C in a freezer (812660-760, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in 1.5 mL tubes (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH, USA) after centrifugation at 1509× g at 4 °C for 15 min (5811F, Eppendorf, Hamburg, HH, Germany).…”

“…Components from yeast organisms, subdivided into parietal (cell wall) and intracellular content, can be used as feed additives. The cell wall consists of a carbohydrate network made of glucans, mannans and chitin [ 17 , 18 ], the former having been identified as key components in mycotoxin deactivation [ 19 , 20 , 21 ] and prebiotic properties [ 22 , 23 ]. The postbiotic yeast cell wall, and more specifically β- d -glucans composing the inner layer portion of this network, have strong adsorbing affinity against AFB1 or zearalenone, but have limited effectiveness toward deoxynivalenol [ 21 , 24 ].…”

Synbiotic Effects of Enzyme and Probiotics on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs Challenged With Enterotoxigenic F18+Escherichia coli

“…Villus height, villus width, and crypt depth were measured using a microscope Olympus CX31 (Lumenera Corporation, Ottawa, Canada) with a camera Infinity 2-2 digital CCD following Kim et al (29). Lengths of ten well-oriented intact villi and their associated crypts were measured in each slide.…”

“…The DNA extraction was performed using the DNA Stool Mini Kit (#51604, Qiagen; Germantown, Maryland, USA) and following the instructions of the manufacturer. Samples were sent to Mako Medical Laboratories (Raleigh, NC, USA) for microbial sequencing using the 16S rRNA technique following Kim et al (29). Briefly, the Ion Chef instrument was used to prepare the samples for template and sequencing was performed on the Ion S5 system (ThermoFisher, Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA).…”

Mycotoxin Contamination Management Tools and Efficient Strategies in Feed Industry

“…A few papers reported results of in vivo studies. Kim et al [7] evaluated yeast cell wall extract efficacy to reduce multi-mycotoxin (AFs, FUM, and DON) toxicity in pigs and improve performance and gut health in pigs. The yeast cell wall extract effects were more evident in promoting gut health and growth in nursery pigs, which showed higher susceptibility to mycotoxin effects, than in growing pigs.…”