Efficacy and toxicity of orally administered anticoccidial drugs for innovative treatments of Polysporoplasma sparis (Sitja-Bobadilla and Alvarez-Pellitero 1985) infection in Sparus aurata L.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to test experimentally different drugs and therapeutic schemes in order to find a efficient commercial treatment for fish infected with myxosporeans. Two series of land-based experiments and one experimental cage trial were performed for this purpose. In the first landbased experiment, 10 and 30 g Sparus aurata naturally infected in the kidneys with Polysporoplasma sparis were used. Initially, six different doses of Fumagillin, two doses of Toltrazuril, and one dose of Amprolium, ESB 3 and Salinomycin were tested. In the second land-based experiment, 25 and 50 g fish infected with the same parasite were treated with Origanum essential oils, Toltrazuril with propylene glycol, Amprolium, and a combination of Salinomycin 12% + Amprolium (SA). In the field trials, 15 and 155 g S. aurata infected with the same parasite were treated with SA, Origanum essential oils and Fumagillin. In all trials the drugs were incorporated in food and administered according to the selected schemes, while their efficacy was evaluated in terms of mortality (acceptable level <2%), pathology and prevalence rate of P. sparis. According to our results the SA combination proved to be the most effective treatment against P. sparis infection in S. aurata: (i) the therapeutic scheme and commercial product used was not toxic and (ii) a significant reduction in percentage of prevalence was observed.

The Impact of a Successful Anti-Myxosporean Treatment on the Phagocyte Functions of Juvenile and Adult Sparus Aurata L

“…Preliminary results had shown that among several anti-coccidial drugs this combination was the most effective treatment for severely infected juvenile S. aurata received the medication during the end stage of the disease (20). Salinomycin is an antibiotic belonging to ionophorous polyethers that acts as a chelator for monovalent cations, especially potassium, disturbing its intracellular balance (28).…”

“…According to our previous results, oral administration of several doses and schemes of anticoccidian drugs such as toltrazuril, amprolium, ESB3, salinomycin, origanum essential oils and fumagillin, exhibited differential degrees of protection against myxosporean infections in gilthead and sharpsnout sea bream tested in land based experimental facilities (20)(21).…”

Location and morphological identification of Myxosporida and evaluation of the effect of freezing and Giemsa staining on the spore length

“…Η τσίπουρα αναφέρεται ως ο κύριος ξενιστής του παράσιτου (Palenzuela et al 1999, Rigos et al 1999, Mladineo 2003, Athanassopoulou et al 2004. Το κΰριο όργανο στόχος σε όλα τα προσβε βλημένα ψάρια ήταν ο νεφρός και ειδικότερα τα νε φρικά σωμάτια (Athanassopoulou et al 2004). Στα μο λυσμένα ψάρια ανιχνεύθηκαν όλα τα στάδια εξέλιξης του παράσιτου, το κυρίαρχο όμως στάδιο ήταν οι ώρι μοι σπόροι.…”

“…Το παράσιτο Ρ. sparis παρατηρήθηκε στα περισ σότερα μολυσμένα ψάρια σε όλες τις εποχές, αλλά τα μεγαλύτερα ποσοστά προσβολής παρατηρήθηκαν τό σο στα εκτρεφόμενα όσο και στα άγρια ψάρια τις ε ποχές με τις υψηλές θερμοκρασίες, όπως αυτό έχει παρατηρηθεί ξανά στην Ελλάδα (Rigos et al 1999, Athanassopoulou et al 2004, Karagouni et al 2005. Το εύρημα αυτό έρχεται σε αντίθεση με τα συμπερά σματα του Palenzuela et al (1999), οι οποίοι βρήκαν το παράσιτο σε εκτρεφόμενη τσίπουρα χωρίς όμως να παρατηρηθεί διαφορά στο ποοοοτό προσβολής μετα ξύ εποχών.…”

An unidentified epi-epithelial myxosporean in the intestine of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L.

“…The massive establishment of sea cages has increased the incidence of transmissible parasites (Sitjà-Bobadilla 2004). Among myxosporeans, Enteromyxum leei has emerged as a serious risk to sparids production (Palenzuela 2006;Golomazou et al 2004), whereas the real impact of Polysporoplasma sparis, Ceratomyxa sparusaurati and Leptotheca sparidarum is difficult to ascertain (Palenzuela et al 1997(Palenzuela et al , 1999Athanassopoulou et al 2004;Sitjà-Bobadilla and Álvarez-Pellitero 2001). As initial proliferative stages of several myxosporeans are morphologically very similar, it is very important to ascertain the identity of some stages similar to those of highly pathogenic species, such as E. leei.…”