Efficacy and Safety of Remogliflozin Etabonate, a New Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor, in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 24-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Trial

Abstract

Background Metformin is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but many patients either cannot tolerate it or cannot achieve glycemic control with metformin alone, so treatment with other glucose-lowering agents in combination with metformin is frequently required. Remogliflozin etabonate, a novel agent, is an orally bioavailable prodrug of remogliflozin, which is a potent and selective sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor. Objective Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of remogliflozin etabonate compared with dapagliflozin in subjects with T2DM in whom a stable dose of metformin as monotherapy was providing inadequate glycemic control. Methods A 24-week randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, three-arm, parallel-group, multicenter, phase III study was conducted in India. Patients aged ≥ 18 and ≤ 65 years diagnosed with T2DM, receiving metformin ≥ 1500 mg/day, and with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels ≥ 7 to ≤ 10% at screening were randomized into three groups. Every patient received metformin ≥ 1500 mg and either remogliflozin etabonate 100 mg twice daily (BID) (group 1, n = 225) or remogliflozin etabonate 250 mg BID (group 2, n = 241) or dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily (QD) in the morning and placebo QD in the evening (group 3, n = 146). The patients were followed-up at weeks 1 and 4 and at 4-week intervals thereafter until week 24. The endpoints included mean change in HbA1c (primary endpoint, noninferiority margin = 0.35), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), bodyweight, blood pressure, and fasting lipids. Treatmentemergent adverse events (TEAEs), safety laboratory values, electrocardiogram, and vital signs were evaluated. Results Of 612 randomized patients, 167 (group 1), 175 (group 2), and 103 (group 3) patients with comparable baseline characteristics completed the study. Mean change ± standard error (SE) in HbA1c from baseline to week 24 was − 0.72 ± 0.09, − 0.77 ± 0.09, and − 0.58 ± 0.12% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The difference in mean HbA1c of group 1 versus group 3 (− 0.14%, 90% confidence interval [CI] − 0.38 to 0.10) and group 2 versus group 3 (− 0.19%; 90% CI − 0.42 to 0.05) was noninferior to that in group 3 (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between group 1 or group 2 and group 3 in change in FPG, PPG, and bodyweight. The overall incidence of TEAEs was comparable across study groups (group 1 = 32.6%, group 2 = 34.4%, group 3 = 29.5%), including adverse events (AEs) of special interest (hypoglycemic events, urinary tract infection, genital fungal infection). Most TEAEs were mild to moderate in intensity, and no severe AEs were reported. Conclusion This study demonstrated the noninferiority of remogliflozin etabonate 100 and 250 mg compared with dapagliflozin, from the first analysis of an initial 612 patients. Remogliflozin etabonate therefore may be considered an effective and well-tolerated alternative treatment option for glycemic control in T2DM. Trial Registration CTRI/2017/07...

<p>Remogliflozin Etabonate in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Design, Development, and Place in Therapy</p>

“…17 The antidiabetic agent was shown to be effective, safe, and well-tolerated in a pivotal study. 20 Remogliflozin demonstrated non-inferiority to existing SGLT2 inhibitor, namely dapagliflozin. The drug demonstrated comparable results in glycaemic, nonglycaemic, and safety parameters as compared to dapagliflozin.…”

“…The systolic and diastolic pressure was observed to be reduced by −2.6 mmHg and 2 mmHg, respectively). 17,20 The overall incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was 8.5% with a low incidence of hypoglycemia (1.3%), genital mycotic infections (1.7%), and urinary tract infections (3.1%). Therefore remogliflozin therapy of 100mg BID was found to be safe, tolerable, and efficacious.…”

“…Based on the Phase III study, RE 100 mg tablets twice daily have been approved by health regulatory authority in India for adequate glycemic control, together with diet and exercise, in adults aged 18 years or older with T2DM. 20,21 Developmental History…”

“…The incidence of AEs was 34.4% in the RE 250 mg arm, 32.6% in RE 100 mg arm, and 29.5% in the dapagliflozin 10 mg arm. 20 The most frequent AEs reported were headache, genital fungal infections, hyperhidrosis, flatulence, dysuria, genital pruritus, nausea, toothache, dizziness, and blurred vision. All studies reported that RE was well tolerated as oral administration in healthy subjects and patients with T2DM.…”

“…All studies reported that RE was well tolerated as oral administration in healthy subjects and patients with T2DM. 17,20,41,42…”