Efficacy and safety of nelfinavir in asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients: a structured summary of a study protocol for a multicenter, randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Objectives The aim of this trial is to evaluate the antiviral efficacy, clinical efficacy, and safety of nelfinavir in patients with asymptomatic and mild COVID-19. Trial design The study is designed as a multicenter, open-label, blinded outcome assessment, parallel group, investigator-initiated, exploratory, randomized (1:1 ratio) controlled clinical trial. Participants Asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients will be enrolled in 10 university and teaching hospitals in Japan. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are as follows: Inclusion criteria: Japanese male or female patients aged ≥ 20 years SARS-CoV-2 detected from a respiratory tract specimen (e.g., nasopharyngeal swab or saliva) using PCR, LAMP, or an antigen test within 3 days before obtaining the informed consent Provide informed consent Exclusion criteria: Symptoms developed ≥ 8 days prior to enrolment SpO2 < 96 % (room air) Any of the following screening criteria: ALT or AST ≥ 5 × upper limit of the reference range Child-Pugh class B or C Serum creatinine ≥ 2 × upper limit of the reference range and creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min Poorly controlled diabetes (random blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥ 7.0%, despite treatment) Unsuitable serious complications based on the assessment of either the principal investigator or the sub-investigator Hemophiliac or patients with a marked hemorrhagic tendency Severe diarrhea Hypersensitivity to the investigational drug Breastfeeding or pregnancy With childbearing potential and rejecting contraceptive methods during the study period from the initial administration of the investigational drug Receiving rifampicin within the previous 2 weeks Participated in other clinical trials and received drugs within the previous 12 weeks Undergoing treatment for HIV infection History of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or wishes to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 Deemed inappropriate (for miscellaneous reasons) based on the assessment of either the principal investigator or the sub-investigator Intervention and comparator Patients who meet the inclusion criteria and do not meet any of the exclusion criteria will be randomized to either the nelfinavir group or the symptomatic treatment group. The nelfinavir group will be administered 750 mg of nelfinavir orally, three times daily for 14 days (treatment period). However, if a participant tests negative on two consecutive PCR tests of saliva samples, administration of the investigational drug for that participant can be discontinued at the discretion of the investigators. The symptomatic treatment group will not be administered the investigational drug, but all other study procedures and conditions will be the same for both groups for the duration of the treatment period. After the treatment period of 14 days, each group will be followed up for 14 days (observational period). Main outcomes The primary endpoint is the time to negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2. During the study period from Day 1 to Day 28, two consecutive negative PCR results of saliva samples will be considered as the negative conversion of the virus. The secondary efficacy endpoints are as follows: For patients with both asymptomatic and mild disease: area under the curve of viral load, half decay period of viral load, body temperature at each time point, all-cause mortality, incidence rate of pneumonia, percentage of patients with newly developed pneumonia, rate of oxygen administration, and the percentage of patients who require oxygen administration. For asymptomatic patients: incidence of symptomatic COVID-19, incidence of fever (≥ 37.0 °C for two consecutive days), incidence of cough For patients with mild disease: incidence of defervescence (< 37.0 °C), incidence of recovery from clinical symptoms, incidence of improvement of each symptom The secondary safety endpoints are adverse events and clinical examinations. Randomization Patients will be randomized to either the nelfinavir group or the symptomatic treatment group using the electric data capture system (1:1 ratio, dynamic allocation based on severity [asymptomatic], and age [< 60 years]). Blinding (masking) Only the assessors of the primary outcome will be blinded (blinded outcome assessment). Numbers to be randomized (sample size) The sample size was determined based on our power analysis to reject the null hypothesis, S (t | z =1) = S (t | z = 0) where S is a survival function, t is time to negative conversion, and z denotes randomization group, by the log-rank test with a two-sided p value of 0.05. We estimated viral dynamic parameters by fitting a nonlinear mixed-effects model to reported viral load data, and simulated our primary endpoint from viral-load time-courses that were realized from sets of viral dynamics parameters sampled from the estimated probability distribution of the parameters (sample size: 2000; 1000 each for randomization group). From this estimation of the hazard ratio between the randomization groups for the event of negative conversion using this simulation dataset, the required number of events for rejecting our null hypothesis with a power of 0.80 felled 97.345 by plugging the estimated hazard ratio, 1.79, in Freedman’s equation. Therefore, we decided the required number of randomizations to be 120 after consideration of the frequency of censoring and the anticipated rate of withdrawal caused by factors such as withdrawal of consent. Trial Status Protocol version 6.0 of February 12, 2021. Recruitment started on July 22, 2020 and is anticipated to be completed by March 31, 2022. Trial registration This trial was registered in Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT) (jRCT2071200023) on 21 July 21, 2020. Full protocol The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. The study protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines (Additional file 2).

Stratification of viral shedding patterns in saliva of COVID-19 patients

“…Longitudinal saliva viral load data of participants with symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 (122 cases) were obtained from the NFV clinical trial 11 . Briefly, the NFV clinical trial was a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint, parallel-group trial conducted between July 2020 and October 2021 at 11 university and teaching hospitals in Japan.…”

Current status of structure-based drug repurposing against COVID-19 by targeting SARS-CoV-2 proteins

“…For Ivermectin, many clinical trials are ongoing in several countries including Japan, while WHO has recommended its limited use within clinical trials because of less than sufficient evidence for the drug efficacy against COVID-19 [82]. Nelfinavir, which is a viral protease inhibitor and approved for HIV infection, has been entered into a clinical trial in Japan [83].…”

Exploration of potential inhibitors for SARS‐CoV‐2 Mpro considering its mutants via structure‐based drug design, molecular docking, MD simulations, MM/PBSA, and DFT calculations

“…Clinical and experimental studies have indicated that Favipiravir may be a viable alternative to existing options to combat COVID‐19 23 . Nelfinavir (NFV) has also been effective against the newly emerged variants of the virus and in patients in the middle stages of the disease 24 . The three newly introduced drugs, PF‐07321332 (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir, and fluvoxaminealso proved effective in reducing mortality and hospitalization rates 25 .…”

“…23 Nelfinavir (NFV) has also been effective against the newly emerged variants of the virus and in patients in the middle stages of the disease. 24 The three newly introduced drugs, PF-07321332 (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir, and fluvoxaminealso proved effective in reducing mortality and hospitalization rates. 25 At the same time, many in silico studies have been performed on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors.…”