Efficacy and Safety of Native and Recombinant Zona Pellucida Immunocontraceptive Vaccines Formulated with Non-Freund’s Adjuvants in Donkeys

French, Hilari; Segabinazzi, Lorenzo G.T.M.; Middlebrooks, Brittany; Peterson, Erik; Schulman, Martin L.; Roth, Robyn; Crampton, Michael; Conan, Anne; Marchi, Silvia; Gilbert, T.D.; Knobel, Darryn L.; Bertschinger, H.J.

doi:10.3390/vaccines10121999

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 70 publications

(144 reference statements)

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“…An anti-GnRH vaccine applied in horses was associated with a higher incidence lesion, albeit these were also transient in nature [ 51 ]. Various reports have implicated Freund’s adjuvants in vaccine formulations with both native and recombinant ZP antigens in association with injection site reactions in both horses [ 52 ] and donkeys [ 53 , 54 ], and there are currently reported investigations to find alternative adjuvants [ 53 , 55 , 56 ]. Globalization of native pZP vaccines is currently limited by factors including access to the antigen in many countries, animal-derived ZP antigen with associated contamination and biosecurity risks, and the economics of its production [ 36 , 54 , 57 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunocontraceptive Efficacy of Native Porcine Zona Pellucida (pZP) Treatment of Nevada’s Virginia Range Free-Roaming Horse Population

Schulman,

Hayes,

Wilson

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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In North America, range constraints due to burgeoning development increasingly encroach on wild horse habitat and necessitate effective but humane reproductive management. The largest free-roaming wild horse fertility control program by population (>3500) and territory size (≈300,000 acres) is located within Nevada’s Virginia Range. Data from a field study investigated porcine zona pellucida (pZP) immunocontraception via remote dart delivery to mares in this population. Analyses aimed to measure efficacy by treatment effects on annual birth rates and population demographics and to evaluate treatment frequency and season against these variables. Analyses included mares’ monthly data (January 2019–December 2022; 48 months), characterized by cumulative vaccination numbers subset into four classifications considering the vaccine as having no loss of efficacy or a loss within a 6-, 12-, and 18-month period post vaccination; from foaling data, the likelihood of being in foal and of conceiving in that month; and from age, as mature or immature (<1 years-old). A downward foaling rate and trend in the numbers of mature mares, descriptively presented at monthly intervals, showed markedly declining annual seasonal breeding peaks, with no observed change in foaling season or duration. Within four years, population coverage surpassed 70% and was associated with a 58% reduction in foaling, with only a 10% conception rate. Vaccinated mares increased proportionally: assuming a 12-month decay rate, the system reached stability at an average ≈1.0 vaccination/mare/year, providing a robust recommendation for treatment frequency contributing to best management practices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunocontraceptive Efficacy of Native Porcine Zona Pellucida (pZP) Treatment of Nevada’s Virginia Range Free-Roaming Horse Population

Schulman,

Hayes,

Wilson

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Structural and Functional Dynamics of the Ovary and Uterus during the Estrous Cycle in Donkeys in the Eastern Caribbean

Segabinazzi

Gilbert

Ambrosia

et al. 2022

Animals

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Eight non-bred, non-pregnant, regularly cycling Caribbean jennies were examined daily via transrectal ultrasound to define the ovarian and uterine dynamics during four consecutive estrous cycles. Blood samples were collected every other day for progesterone analysis. The mean (±SD) overall inter-ovulatory interval across all donkeys and cycles was 22.93 ± 1.99 days. The maximum follicular diameter was 34.6 ± 2.9 mm. A two-wave pattern was evident in 97% (30/31) of the cycles. The emergence of the future dominant follicle and the largest subordinate follicle of the major primary wave coincided on Day 5.7 ± 3.6 post-ovulation, whereas the secondary wave emerged on Day 19.8 ± 2.9 during estrus of the previous cycle or early diestrus. The secondary wave was often minor (93%, 28/30 cycles). Follicular deviation occurred 8.2 ± 1.4 days before the subsequent ovulation. Luteal volume increased for the first four days after ovulation and reached a maximum volume of 8.5 ± 2.7 mm3 at Day 5.4 ± 0.4, before gradually regressing after Day 15. Serum progesterone concentration increased from Day 1 after ovulation, peaking at 27.0 ± 9.6 ng/mL between 7 and 10 days after ovulation. Progesterone concentration dropped precipitously around Day 15 after ovulation and was below 2 ng/mL around Day 17 ± 2. A day effect (p < 0.0001) was observed for corpus luteum’s volume, progesterone concentration, and uterine tone, but not for endometrial edema (p > 0.05). This study helps to clarify and define normal estrous characteristics of jennies in the Eastern Caribbean.

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Efficacy and Safety of Native and Recombinant Zona Pellucida Immunocontraceptive Vaccines Formulated with Non-Freund’s Adjuvants in Donkeys

Cited by 2 publications

References 70 publications

Immunocontraceptive Efficacy of Native Porcine Zona Pellucida (pZP) Treatment of Nevada’s Virginia Range Free-Roaming Horse Population

Immunocontraceptive Efficacy of Native Porcine Zona Pellucida (pZP) Treatment of Nevada’s Virginia Range Free-Roaming Horse Population

Structural and Functional Dynamics of the Ovary and Uterus during the Estrous Cycle in Donkeys in the Eastern Caribbean

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