Efficacy and pharmacodynamics of gemifloxacin versus levofloxacin in guinea pig pneumococcal pneumonia induced by strains with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility

Specific Antibodies, Levofloxacin, and Modulation of Capsule-Associated Virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae

“…Lower values are needed in rodents (3). In the present study, ratios of maximum concentration to MIC and AUC to MIC of 4.5 and 2.7, respectively, produced efficacy (80% survival) in the PE model.…”

In vivo activity of gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against pneumococci with gyrA and parC point mutations in a sepsis mouse model measured with the all or nothing mortality end-point

“…Although decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥ 4 mg/l) is associated with penicillin and/or erythromycin non-susceptibility [1], the prevalence remains low and is found mainly in isolates collected from adults [1]. An increase in ciprofloxacin MIC also affects the activity of newer quinolones by increasing MIC values [2][3][4] and by changing the bactericidal activity ex vivo [5] and in vivo [6].…”

Gaps in antibiotic development: the postmarketing task

“…In the postmarketing phase, animal models have been used to study pharmacodynamic prediction of efficacy in systemic infections caused by strains with decreased susceptibility using humanized models [34], the relationship of pharmacodynamic parameter values with tissue injury [35], the effects of treatment delay on pharmacodynamics [35], the significance of local (as middle ear fluid) vs. serum pharmacodynamic parameters in local infections (otitis media) [36], pharmacodynamics in mixed local infections (S. pneumoniae þ H. influenzae) [37], the effect of the disease (acute otitis media vs. otitis media with effusion) on pharmacodynamics in middle ear fluid [38], or the effect of concomitant medications as analgesics on the relationship between pharmacodynamic parameters and eradication [39,40].…”