Efficacy and future prospects of commercially available and experimental vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)

Beach, Nathan M.; Meng, Xiang‐Jin

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.041

Cited by 164 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 141 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

112

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The most common genotypes associated with PCVAD are PCV2a and PCV2b (58)(59)(60). Before 2003, PCV2a was the principal genotype identified in the United States and Canada, although both PCV2a and PCV2b were found internationally (61)(62)(63). Around 2003, a drastic shift occurred in the frequency of PCV2 genotypes globally from PCV2a to PCV2b coincident with severe systemic disease associated with PCV2b (61,64).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure

Palinski

Piñeyro

Shang

et al. 2017

J Virol

466

744

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) is clinically manifested by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), respiratory and enteric disease, reproductive failure, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is an essential component of PCVAD, although an etiologic role in PDNS is not well established. Here, a novel circovirus, designated porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), was identified in sows that died acutely with PDNS-like clinical signs. The capsid and replicase proteins of PCV3 are only 37% and 55% identical to PCV2 and bat circoviruses, respectively. Aborted fetuses from sows with PDNS contained high levels of PCV3 (7.57 ϫ 10 7 genome copies/ml), and no other viruses were detected by PCR and metagenomic sequencing. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of sow tissue samples identified PCV3 antigen in skin, kidney, lung, and lymph node samples localized in typical PDNS lesions, including necrotizing vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, and bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Further study of archived PDNS tissue samples that were negative for PCV2 by IHC analysis identified 45 of 48 that were PCV3 positive by quantitative PCR (qPCR), with 60% of a subset also testing positive for PCV3 by IHC analysis. Analysis by qPCR of 271 porcine respiratory disease diagnostic submission samples identified 34 PCV3-positive cases (12.5%), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection of anti-PCV3 capsid antibodies in serum samples found that 46 (55%) of 83 samples tested were positive. These results suggest that PCV3 commonly circulates within U.S. swine and may play an etiologic role in reproductive failure and PDNS. Because of the high economic impact of PCV2, this novel circovirus warrants further studies to elucidate its significance and role in PCVAD.IMPORTANCE While porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) was first identified in sporadic cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Canada in the early 1990s, an epidemic of severe systemic disease due to PCV2 spread worldwide in the ensuing decade. Despite being effectively controlled by commercial vaccines, PCV2 remains one of the most economically significant viruses of swine. Here, a novel porcine circovirus (PCV3) that is distantly related to known circoviruses was identified in sows with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive failure. PCV2, which has previously been associated with these clinical presentations, was not identified. High levels of PCV3 nucleic acid were observed in aborted fetuses by quantitative PCR, and PCV3 antigen was localized in histologic lesions typical of PDNS in sows by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. PCV3 was also identi- Citation Palinski R, Piñeyro P, Shang P, Yuan F, Guo R, Fang Y, Byers E, Hause BM. 2017. A novel porcine circovirus distantly related to known circoviruses is associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome and reproductive failure. J Virol 91:e01879-16.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure

Palinski

Piñeyro

Shang

et al. 2017

J Virol

466

744

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Current commercial vaccines based on the PCV2a genotype are effective. However, with the predominant prevalence of PCV2b in the field, efforts are being made to develop future generations of vaccines targeting the PCV2b genotype, including compliance markers and safer modified attenuated vaccines that would enhance humoral and cell-mediated immunity with reduced cost (2). PCV2 contains at least three open reading frames (ORFs).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Induces Autophagy via the AMPK/ERK/TSC2/mTOR Signaling Pathway in PK-15 Cells

Zhu

Zhou

et al. 2012

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

bPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) uses autophagy machinery to enhance its replication in PK-15 cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. By the use of specific inhibitors, RNA interference, and coimmunoprecipitation, we show that PCV2 induces autophagy in PK-15 cells through a pathway involving the kinases AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), the tumor suppressor protein TSC2, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). AMPK and ERK1/2 positively regulate autophagy through negative control of the mTOR pathway by phosphorylating TSC2 in PCV2-infected PK-15 cells. Thus, PCV2 might induce autophagy via the AMPK/ERK/TSC2/mTOR signaling pathway in the host cells, representing a pivotal mechanism for PCV2 pathogenesis.

show abstract

“…In recent years, several combined PCV2-related diseases have been named porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) in North America and porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) in Europe, because PCV2 infection appears to cause a wide variety of clinical syndromes [12]. To overcome the serious problems related with these diseases, management strategy for controlling PCV2 have been recommended [8] and various vaccines against PCV2 have been used worldwide [2,4]. However, PCV2 is still ubiquitous in swine farms and their infection cannot be completely prevented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classifying Host Susceptibility Using Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Viral Load and Antibody Titer

Kyu-Sang¹,

Eun-A²,

Lee³

et al. 2017

Journal of Life Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a notorious and ubiquitous virus in the swine industry. The susceptibility of the host to PCV2 infection is considered to be one factor associated with the dynamics of PCV2. The objective of this study was to verify the criteria for host susceptibility to PCV2, using blood parameters of post-weaned pigs naturally infected with the virus. The PCV2 DNA viral load, antibody titer, and leukopenia characteristics were measured in the serum extracted from the pigs at the 10th week. We classified the pigs into high (>5.0), intermediate (3.0 to 5.0), and low (<3.0) groups on the basis of the PCV2 viral load (log copies/ml), or as positive (≤0.50) and negative (>0.50) groups on the basis of antibody titer (sample-to-negative corrected ratio). Moreover, using these two categorized parameters, we suggested the criteria for classification into the susceptible and resistant groups. Statistical analyses revealed that pigs in the susceptible group had a significantly higher viral load (p<0.001) and negative antibody titer (p<0.001), as well as significantly lower leukocyte counts (p=0.018) and lower amounts of several leukocyte components (p<0.05), than pigs in the resistant group. We concluded that the susceptible group could be considered to have PCV2-induced leukopenia. Therefore, we suggest that the combined classifications of viral loads and anti-PCV2 antibodies can be used to determine PCV2-induced leukopenia in the subclinical PCV2 infection of post-weaned pig populations.

show abstract

Efficacy and future prospects of commercially available and experimental vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)

Cited by 164 publications

References 141 publications

A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure

A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure

Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Induces Autophagy via the AMPK/ERK/TSC2/mTOR Signaling Pathway in PK-15 Cells

Classifying Host Susceptibility Using Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Viral Load and Antibody Titer

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About