Nonhealing wounds are associated with increased morbidity, disability and mortality [13] through complications such as sepsis, contractures, depression and limb amputation. Overall quality of life is significantly reduced by the occurrence and treatment of chronic wounds [12] owing to limited activity and mobility, disruption of work and social activities, pain, odor and appearance of the wound. In spite of their frequency and their impact on quality of life, there is a lack of consensus and weak evidence on the best ways to manage these wounds [14,15]. Traditional treatment strategies have demonstrated limited success [8] and chronic wound care is often performed in a manner that is anecdotal [12], inconsistent and lacking in evidence [16]. As society continues to age, and the number of chronic wounds continues to increase, a better understanding of the most effective approaches to preventing and managing these wounds is required.
Basic principles: caring for chronic wounds AssessmentA careful history and thorough assessment of the patient and the wound are necessary to determine the presence of factors that could impair the ability of the wound to heal [17,18]. Confounding factors that may inhibit healing include impaired tissue perfusion, metabolic disturbances, immuno suppression, nutritional deficiencies, advanced age, and tobacco and alcohol use [7,12,17,19]. It is important to differentiate healable wounds from maintenance and nonhealable wounds. Healable wounds have an adequate blood supply, while nonhealable wounds do not [20][21][22]. Maintenance wounds have a sufficient blood supply but other barriers to healing are present, such as poor nutritional status, poor patient adherence, inability to afford Skin is the largest organ of the body and is constantly exposed to potentially destructive elements in the environment [1]. With longer lifespans, an ever-increasing number of individuals have chronic conditions that compromise skin integrity and put them at risk for skin breakdown [2,3]. The normal changes that occur in the aging skin also put individuals at risk for skin breakdown and the formation of chronic ulcers or wounds [2]. Skin structures and normal functions undergo gradual change with age, altering tissue repair processes. Wound contraction and re-epithelialization occur at a slower rate, connective tissue deposition is diminished and, ultimately, wound tensile strength is decreased [4]. Aging also negatively effects wound healing [5]. Nonhealing or slow healing wounds with a poor response to conventional wound management therapy primarily affect individuals over the age of 60 years [6,7]. A 5-year epidemiological study found that the frequency of wound closure was significantly lower in older subjects. The share of closed wounds decreased by nearly 25% in patients over the age of 70 years, with the effect of aging on frequency of wound closure becoming clinically apparent after the age of 60 years [5].When skin integrity is altered by a wound, the healing process is generally well orchestrated...