Effervescent Atomization at Low Mass Flow Rates. Part I: The Influence of Surface Tension

Modeling on effervescent atomization: A review

“…Based on the advantages mentioned, effervescent atomization has been widely used in gas turbine combustors [5][6][7], IC engines [8,9], furnaces and boilers [10,11], incineration [12], spray deposition [13], and powder formation [14][15][16]. Recently the effervescent atomization method has been successfully applied in pharmaceutical coating [17,18] and suspension plasma spray [19].…”

“…The diagnostic measurements have made a significant contribution to the development of effervescent atomization technology in the last two decades. As a result of the experimental approach, the basic phenomena and critical parameters involved in effervescent atomization have been indicated and the applications of effervescent atomization technology have been widely extended [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Sojka and his colleges conducted abundant detailed experimental and analytical investigations concerning effervescent atomizer performances.…”

“…Their findings are: parametric investigation of spray characteristics, including drop size and velocity distributions [12], spray cone angle [21], spray momentum rate [15], pattern [20] and entrainment [15]. Their studies cover detailed measurements and discussion of the influences of injection pressure [9,22], atomizing gas-to-liquid ratio [21], liquid physical properties [16,23], atomizer gas properties [14] on atomization performance, analytical studies on fundamentals of fluid breakup mechanism [16,23] and the use of effervescent atomization in new areas [5][6][7][8][9]. Liu et al [24][25][26] also conducted abundant experimental studies on this topic which include the analysis of flow flux characteristics, proposing the critical equation of liquid flow ratio closed to the nozzle, the distribution of droplet size along both the axial and the radial directions and the energy analysis of atomization process.…”

“…In the aspect of modeling, Buckner and Sojka [23] developed a model to predict the mean droplet size from gas and liquid flow rates and liquid physical properties. Lund et al [16] proposed a more fundamental model to predict droplet size from the atomizing gas and liquid mass flow rates, liquid physical properties, and atomizer exit geometry, without considering the aerodynamic effect of gas. Sutherland et al [14] improved Lund's model, incorporating the effect of relative velocity between the atomizing gas and the liquid.…”

Evaluation of StereoPIV Measurement of Droplet Velocity in an Effervescent Spray

“…Air and water are introduced to the atomizer through separate inlets. Similar to other inside-out effervescent atomizers [23,24], air enters the mixing chamber via the aeration tube which is located at the central axis of the nozzle. At this location air is injected into the atomizer mixing chamber through holes in the aeration tube.…”