Efferent Optic Nerve Fibers Mediate Circadian Rhythms in the
            <i>Limulus</i>
            Eye

Barlow, Robert B.; Bolanowski, Stanley J.; Brachman, Michael L.

doi:10.1126/science.867057

Cited by 166 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The sensitivity of Limulus LEs increases dramatically at night (Barlow et al, 1977;Barlow, 1983), and behavioral studies indicate that these animals see at night with their LEs nearly as well as during the day (Powers et al, 1991). Half of this increase in sensitivity is driven by signals from a central circadian clock (Pieprzyk et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Half of this increase in sensitivity is driven by signals from a central circadian clock (Pieprzyk et al, 2003). At night, the central clock activates a bilateral population of neurons that project from the chelicerial ganglia in the brain to all of the eyes -LEs, median ocelli and rudimentary eyes -through their optic nerves (Fahrenbach, 1973;Fahrenbach, 1981;Barlow et al, 1977;Barlow et al, 1980;Calman and Battelle, 1991;Kass and Barlow, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opsin1-2, Gqα and arrestin levels at Limulus rhabdoms are controlled by diurnal light and a circadian clock

Battelle

Kempler

Parker

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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in white-eyed Drosophila maintained under artificial light. Here we tested whether protein levels at rhabdoms change significantly in the highly pigmented lateral eyes of wild-caught Limulus polyphemus maintained in natural diurnal illumination and whether these changes are under circadian control. We found that rhabdomeral levels of opsins (Ops1-2), the G protein activated by rhodopsin (G q α) and arrestin change significantly from day to night and that nighttime levels of each protein at rhabdoms are significantly influenced by signals from the animalʼs central circadian clock. Clock input at night increases Ops1-2 and G q α and decreases arrestin levels at rhabdoms. Clock input is also required for a rapid decrease in rhabdomeral Ops1-2 beginning at sunrise. We found further that dark adaptation during the day and the night are not equivalent. During daytime dark adaptation, when clock input is silent, the increase of Ops1-2 at rhabdoms is small and G q α levels do not increase. However, increases in Ops1-2 and G q α at rhabdoms are enhanced during daytime dark adaptation by treatments that elevate cAMP in photoreceptors, suggesting that the clock influences dark-adaptive increases in Ops1-2 and G q α at Limulus rhabdoms by activating cAMP-dependent processes. The circadian regulation of Ops1-2 and G q α levels at rhabdoms probably has a dual role: to increase retinal sensitivity at night and to protect photoreceptors from light damage during the day.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opsin1-2, Gqα and arrestin levels at Limulus rhabdoms are controlled by diurnal light and a circadian clock

Battelle

Kempler

Parker

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The integral increment threshold, in contrast, exhibits two clearly defined segments as a function of background intensity with an inflection at the junction of the two segments. This difference is most marked during the daytime (Barlow, Boyanowski, & Brachman, 1977 Wavelength (nm) Figure 1. Stimulus spectral distribution given as the quanta incident on each receptor per second per nanometer (nm) as a function of wavelength (in nm).…”

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confidence: 99%

Limulus psychophysics: Increment threshold

Wasserman

1981

Perception & Psychophysics

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Prior temporal summation work had indicated that the sensory code for certain behaviors (in both Limulus and humans) can be understood if one suggests that the central nervous system analyzes the integral of the photoreceptor potential. An independent test of this suggestion is available because (in Limulus) the physiological increment threshold function obtained from the receptor potential integral is inflected, whereas that obtained from the initial transient peak of the receptor potential is not. The behavioral increment threshold function was measured in Limulus and found to be inflected. Fechner's scaling assumption (that equally detectable stimulus increments are mediated by sensory signals of equal size) was supported by the fact that a theoretical function, which was calculated from the receptor integral intensity-response function by using Fechner's scaling assumption, was able to fit the behavioral increment threshold function quite well. Furthermore, the variability of the behavioral data was proportional to the receptor integral variability. A seasonal effect was observed: Fall animals were more sensitive and had a higher criterion than winter animals. These findings permit the specification of the rerceptor potential that mediates this particular behavior at threshold: It has a steady-state amplitude of 7 mY in winter and 16 mY in fall. Taken in conjunction with the results of earlier temporal summation work indicating that the threshold receptor potential is 4.5 sec long, this specification implies that at least some behaviors are mediated by large, long sensory signals, which have properties very different from those of small, short signals, particularly with regard to both linearity and their relative dependence on time vs. energy.

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“…The resulting clot effectively immobilizes the threat and prevents an infection from progressing beyond the wound (Isakova and Armstrong, 2003). While most recent research on horseshoe crabs has been focused on amebocytes and endotoxin detection (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), some earlier studies have also yielded insights into human eyesight adaptation, the effect of circadian rhythms on vision, and the process by which sensory information is encoded (Hartline and McDonald, 1947;Barlow et al, 1977).…”

Section: Factors Affecting Horseshoe Crab Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Horseshoe Crabs in the Biomedical Industry and Recent Trends Impacting Species Sustainability

Dellinger

Kepley

2018

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Every year the Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) arrives on shore to spawn, a sight once taken for granted. However, in addition to the gradual climate changes impacting all ecosystems, commercial demand from the widespread application of Atlantic horseshoe crab blood in industrial endotoxin testing and steady use as eel and whelk bait has brought the future of this enduring species into question. In response, regulations have been adopted to enhance the traceability and record keeping of horseshoe crab harvest, which has historically been difficult to track. However, these regulations do not restrict or limit LAL harvest in any significant manner. Still, sometimes-lethal biomedical bleeding process and associated behavioral changes pose a risk to horseshoe crab viability after bleeding and once returned to the waters. As a result, regulators and environmentalists are concerned that current trends and overfishing of this marine arthropod will significantly impact the surrounding ecosystem. This review examines their role and recent trends in the biomedical industry that are impacting these ancient creatures and the derivative effect on shorebirds, while considering emerging alternatives where feasible, as well as ways to ensure sustainable and pragmatic harvesting strategies. Ultimately, healthy populations of horseshoe crabs are vital to restoring and maintaining ecosystems while balancing the need for medical and research applications entirely dependent on these unique creatures.

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Efferent Optic Nerve Fibers Mediate Circadian Rhythms in the Limulus Eye

Cited by 166 publications

References 24 publications

Opsin1-2, Gqα and arrestin levels at Limulus rhabdoms are controlled by diurnal light and a circadian clock

Opsin1-2, Gqα and arrestin levels at Limulus rhabdoms are controlled by diurnal light and a circadian clock

Limulus psychophysics: Increment threshold

The Role of Horseshoe Crabs in the Biomedical Industry and Recent Trends Impacting Species Sustainability

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