Efferent Fibers to
            <i>Limulus</i>
            Eyes Synthesize and Release Octopamine

Batelle, BA; Evans, JA; Chamberlain, Steven C.

doi:10.1126/science.6123151

Cited by 102 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Neither rhabdom turnover nor its control mechanisms have been studied in ventral photoreceptors. Likewise, no one has yet been able to demonstrate efferent suppression of spontaneous potential fluctuations in dark-adapted ventral photoreceptors, The central thrust of our study and that of Stern et al (1982), coupled with the findings of Battelle et al (1982) that efferent fibers in the ventral eye synthesize and release octopamine, suggest that this preparation may be very useful for the study of efferent function and basic phototransduction, in a system simpler than the lateral eye, but one that is still structurally and functionally well organized.…”

Section: Efferent Innervation Of the R Lobementioning

confidence: 77%

“…The results of studies of efferent morphology using labeled efferents and autoradiography have been reported separately (Battelle and Chamberlain, 1980;Battelle et al, 1982;. Our examination of normal tissue revealed that efferent fibers have relatively lucent cytoplasm, and contain mitochondria, filaments, and two types of vesicles--small, lucent circular profiles (Fig.…”

Section: Ultrastructure Of Other Elements: Glia and Efferent Fibersmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Their micrographs showed excellent preservation of the ultrastructure, but little or no external rhabdom. Likewise, Battelle et al (1982) incubated ventral photoreceptors overnight before fixing them in vitro for ultrastructural study. Their micrographs show excellent preservation of the internal rhabdom, but essentially no external rhabdom.…”

Section: Structure Of the Rhabdommentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinct lobes of Limulus ventral photoreceptors. II. Structure and ultrastructure.

Calman¹,

Chamberlain²

1982

The Journal of General Physiology

113

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The structure of Limulus ventral photoreceptors fixed in situ has been investigated using light and electron microscopy and computer-assisted reconstruction and planimetry. Photoreceptors occur singly and in clusters. All photoreceptors have two types of lobes. The rhabdomeral lobe (R lobe) appears to be specialized for light sensitivity, containing the rhabdomere, which completely covers its external surface and forms infoldings into the lobe. The structure of the external rhabdom differs from that within infoldings. The other main structures of the R lobe are the palisades along the rhabdom, multivesicular bodies, lamellar bodies, and mitochondria. The arhabdomeral lobe (A lobe) bears the axon and contains the nucleus, clusters of residual bodies, lamellar arrays of endoplasmic reticulum, masses of glycogen, lipid droplets, and Golgi complexes. The R lobe and A lobe are analogous to the outer and inner segments of vertebrate photoreceptors. In single photoreceptors A and R lobes are separated by an indentation filled with glial processes. Computer reconstructions of cell clusters reveal that each cell has both types of lobes and an axon. Most of the rhabdom is formed from abutting arrays of external rhabdom from the R lobes of different members of the cluster. Efferent fibers containing characteristic angular granules penetrate single cells and clusters in glial invaginations. The main, if not exclusive, target of the efferent fibers is the internal rhabdom.

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Section: Efferent Innervation Of the R Lobementioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Ultrastructure Of Other Elements: Glia and Efferent Fibersmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Structure Of the Rhabdommentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Distinct lobes of Limulus ventral photoreceptors. II. Structure and ultrastructure.

Calman¹,

Chamberlain²

1982

The Journal of General Physiology

113

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…These clock-driven efferent neurons innervate all cell types in LEs (Fahrenbach, 1975;Fahrenbach, 1981), and release the biogenic amine octopamine (OA) from their axon terminals (Batelle et al, 1982;Battelle and Evans, 1984;Evans et al, 1983). OA stimulates a rise in cAMP in Limulus photoreceptors (Kaupp et al, 1982) and LE slices (Dalal and Battelle, 2010), and many of the known effects of clock input to LEs are mimicked by OA and other treatments that activate the cAMP cascade (reviewed in Battelle, 2002;Dalal and Battelle, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opsin1-2, Gqα and arrestin levels at Limulus rhabdoms are controlled by diurnal light and a circadian clock

Battelle

Kempler

Parker

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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in white-eyed Drosophila maintained under artificial light. Here we tested whether protein levels at rhabdoms change significantly in the highly pigmented lateral eyes of wild-caught Limulus polyphemus maintained in natural diurnal illumination and whether these changes are under circadian control. We found that rhabdomeral levels of opsins (Ops1-2), the G protein activated by rhodopsin (G q α) and arrestin change significantly from day to night and that nighttime levels of each protein at rhabdoms are significantly influenced by signals from the animalʼs central circadian clock. Clock input at night increases Ops1-2 and G q α and decreases arrestin levels at rhabdoms. Clock input is also required for a rapid decrease in rhabdomeral Ops1-2 beginning at sunrise. We found further that dark adaptation during the day and the night are not equivalent. During daytime dark adaptation, when clock input is silent, the increase of Ops1-2 at rhabdoms is small and G q α levels do not increase. However, increases in Ops1-2 and G q α at rhabdoms are enhanced during daytime dark adaptation by treatments that elevate cAMP in photoreceptors, suggesting that the clock influences dark-adaptive increases in Ops1-2 and G q α at Limulus rhabdoms by activating cAMP-dependent processes. The circadian regulation of Ops1-2 and G q α levels at rhabdoms probably has a dual role: to increase retinal sensitivity at night and to protect photoreceptors from light damage during the day.

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“…These changes are driven by signals from an internal circadian clock and amplified by light. The effect of the clock can be mimicked by octopamine, the neurotransmitter released from the clock-driven efferent neurons that innervate the pigment cells, and activation of a cAMP cascade (Battelle et al, 1982;Battelle and Evans, 1984;Battelle, 2002;Dalal and Battelle, 2010). The receptor responsible for the effect of light is unknown.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Opsins inLimuluseyes: Characterization of three visible light-sensitive opsins unique to and co-expressed in median eye photoreceptors and a peropsin/RGR that is expressed in all eyes

Battelle

Kempler

Saraf

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The eyes of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus have long been used for studies of basic mechanisms of vision, and the structure and physiology of Limulus photoreceptors have been examined in detail. Less is known about the opsins Limulus photoreceptors express. We previously characterized a UV opsin (LpUVOps1) that is expressed in all three types of Limulus eyes (lateral compound eyes, median ocelli and larval eyes) and three visible light-sensitive rhabdomeric opsins (LpOps1, -2 and -5) that are expressed in Limulus lateral compound and larval eyes. Physiological studies showed that visible light-sensitive photoreceptors are also present in median ocelli, but the visible light-sensitive opsins they express were unknown. In the current study we characterize three newly identified, visible lightsensitive rhabdomeric opsins (LpOps6, -7 and -8) that are expressed in median ocelli. We show that they are ocellar specific and that all three are co-expressed in photoreceptors distinct from those expressing LpUVOps1. Our current findings show that the pattern of opsin expression in Limulus eyes is much more complex than previously thought and extend our previous observations of opsin coexpression in visible light-sensitive Limulus photoreceptors. We also characterize a Limulus peropsin/RGR (LpPerOps1). We examine the phylogenetic relationship of LpPerOps1 with other peropsins and RGRs, demonstrate that LpPerOps1 transcripts are expressed in each of the three types of Limulus eyes and show that the encoded protein is expressed in membranes of cells closely associated with photoreceptors in each eye type. These finding suggest that peropsin was in the opsin repertoire of euchelicerates.

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Efferent Fibers to Limulus Eyes Synthesize and Release Octopamine

Cited by 102 publications

References 24 publications

Distinct lobes of Limulus ventral photoreceptors. II. Structure and ultrastructure.

Distinct lobes of Limulus ventral photoreceptors. II. Structure and ultrastructure.

Opsin1-2, Gqα and arrestin levels at Limulus rhabdoms are controlled by diurnal light and a circadian clock

Opsins inLimuluseyes: Characterization of three visible light-sensitive opsins unique to and co-expressed in median eye photoreceptors and a peropsin/RGR that is expressed in all eyes

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