Effects of working memory, attention, and expertise on pilots’ situation awareness

Abstract

I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: SERKAN ÇAK

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Objective Measures of Situation Awareness: A Comparison of SAGAT and SPAM

“…From the standpoint of SA, therefore, it is not too surprising that both SAGAT and SPAM performance correlated with the Operation Span test, reflecting the importance of attentional control on SA. What is surprising is that Cak et al (2019) only found SPAM to be correlated with a measure of attention sharing ability, whereas Endsley and Bolstad (1994) found attention sharing to be highly predictive of SAGAT in pilots. From the standpoint of the present question, it does not appear that SAGAT is overly reliant on the need for people to hold information in primary (working) memory with experienced participants; however both SAGAT and SPAM do have correlations with attentional measures, reflecting its importance to SA.…”

“…Cak, Say, and Misirlisoy (2019) found that both SAGAT and SPAM were correlated with an Operational Span complex working memory test in a study with experienced pilots. (In addition, both measures were correlated with the number of hours the pilots had spent in the simulator and SPAM was also correlated with a measure of divided attention.)…”

The Divergence of Objective and Subjective Situation Awareness: A Meta-Analysis

“…No relationship between SAGAT and working memory was shown in at least six studies, particularly for experienced subjects (Endsley, 1990a;Endsley & Bolstad, 1994;Gonzalez & Wimisberg, 2007;Gutzwiller & Clegg, 2013;Jipp & Ackerman, 2016;Sulistyawati et al, 2011). Although two studies do show a correlation between SAGAT and a complex span memory measure (Cak, Say, & Misirlisoy, 2019;Durso, Bleckley, & Dattel, 2006), other research shows that complex span measures more closely reflect a persons' attentional control and retrieval abilities (Shipstead, Lindsey, Marshall, & Engle, 2014), which are known to be relevant to SA. For experienced participants, collection of SAGAT data is not working memory constrained when the information is collected immediately following a freeze, for at least 2 to 3 min afterward (Endsley, 1995a).…”

Exploring the use of IoT Data for Heightened Situational Awareness in Centralised Monitoring Control Rooms

“…While perception consists of acknowledging the elements of the environment, lessons learned from past situations and acquired experiences have a great potential to refine and improve the analytical process towards a better decision maker's perception. Therefore, the expertise in relevant domain influences not only when analysing and choosing amongst the existing alternatives, but also on the outcome of a decision which then provides awareness of a situation (Cak et al 2020). On the other hand, the acquired expertise also allows decision makers to cope with the high volume of information by narrowing down complex information to only elements that are required to comprehend and project the situation (Endsley et al 2000).…”

“…For example, previous experience of a surgeon configures patterns and mental models that enable faster and more suitable decisions in the course of a surgery. Further, experts and novices rely on technical knowledge built on working memory and long-term memory to process elements of the environment and context using patterns of recognition to anticipate future events (Fracker 1991;Cak et al 2020). Working memory represents an activated subset of cognition elements recovered from the long-term memory for understanding a particular situation (Endsley et al 2000).…”