Effects of Wink Glass on Blink Rate, Nibut and Ocular Surface Symptoms during Visual Display Unit Use

Ang, Cheah Kiok; Mohidin, Norhani; Chung, Kah Meng

doi:10.3109/02713683.2013.859273

Cited by 24 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(29 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Use of video display terminals and learning (reading and writing) for long hours has been associated with a decreased maximum blink interval, hence the development of dry eye symptoms [2–4]. In addition, many people report ocular fatigue after prolonged work with video display terminals, in part prompting legislation regulating the use of these terminals [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundIn 2014, the overall rate of smartphone use in Korea was 83 and 89.8 % in children and adolescents. The rate of smartphone use differs according to region (urban vs. rural) and age (younger grade vs. older grade). We investigated risk and protective factors associated with pediatric dry eye disease (DED) in relation to smartphone use rate according to region and age.MethodsWe enrolled 916 children and performed an ocular exam that included slit lamp exam and tear break-up time. A questionnaire administered to children and their families consisted of video display terminal (VDT) use, outdoor activity, learning, and modified ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score. DED was defined based on the International Dry Eye Workshop guidelines (Objective signs: punctate epithelial erosion or short tear break-up time; subjective symptoms: modified OSDI score) We performed statistical analysis of risk factors and protective factors in children divided into groups as follows: DED vs. control, urban vs. rural, younger grade (1st to 3rd) vs. older grade (4th to 6th).ResultsA total of 6.6 % of children were included in the DED group, and 8.3 % of children in the urban group were diagnosed with DED compared to 2.8 % in the rural group (P = 0.03). The rate of smartphone use was 61.3 % in the urban group and 51.0 % in the rural group (P = 0.04). In total, 9.1 % of children in the older-grade group were diagnosed with DED compared to 4 % in the younger-grade group (P = 0.03). The rate of smartphone use was 65.1 % in older-grade children and 50.9 % in younger-grade children (P < 0.001). The mean daily duration of smartphone use was longer in the DED group than controls (logistic regression analysis, P < 0.001, OR = 13.07), and the mean daily duration of outdoor activities was shorter in the DED group than controls (logistic regression analysis, P < 0.01, OR = 0.33). After cessation of smartphone use for 4 weeks in the DED group, both subjective symptoms and objective signs had improved.ConclusionsSmartphone use in children was strongly associated with pediatric DED; however, outdoor activity appeared to be protective against pediatric DED. Older-grade students in urban environments had DED risk factors (long duration of smartphone use), and a short duration of outdoor activity time. Therefore, close observation and caution are needed when older children in urban areas use smartphones.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12886-016-0364-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This so‐called spontaneous or endogeneous blink activity is considered to occur without specific voluntary control and is not in response to an obvious external stimulus. In more recent years, it has become increasingly recognised that spontaneous blink activity is important in determining the tear film meniscus characteristics and tear film stability, especially when certain visual tasks, such as video display terminal (VDT) use, are being undertaken. This may be more important in contact lens wearers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the most commonly selected condition, under which the spontaneous blink rate (SBR) is assessed in primary eye gaze, there is no head support with the subjects simply seated while observations are being made . In the clinical examination of the external eye, it will be a routine procedure for the patient to be seated at a slitlamp with open eyes and directing their gaze to the distance whether this be for assessments of tear flow, tear film stability, tear film lipid layer or tear meniscus height, for example. The same applies to contact lens wear adaptation, comfort issues and spontaneous blink activity, where measurements of the SBR are been carried out in the primary gaze .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such an option is presumably a well‐intentioned intervention designed to reduce head and eye movements, facilitate adoption of primary eye gaze and allow ocular surface examination in detail; however, such assessments have not provided specific details on the blink activity over time. This is important as, for either type of experimental set up on assessments of the SBR, concern has been raised as to whether the spontaneity of the blink activity being observed over a short period of time could be affected by the extent of a subject's awareness that their SBR was being assessed …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Assessment of short‐term variability in human spontaneous blink rate during video observation with or without head / chin support

Doughty

2016

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Incomplete blinking (Figure ) is associated with more extensive ocular surface staining and symptoms of dryness and discomfort in contact lens wearers, thus it is important to encourage complete and regular blinking, particularly during screen use when the blink rate is known to be reduced . Inducing an increase in blinking rate has been confirmed to enhance tear stability and reduce dry eye symptoms in computer users . Blinking exercises have been shown to improve gland function and reduce the frequency of incomplete blinks .…”

Section: Optimising Tear Film and Ocular Surface Health For Contact Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tear film evaluation and management in soft contact lens wear: a systematic approach

Downie

Craig

2017

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The human tear film is a highly ordered structure consisting of a thin layer of lipid on the surface and a thicker aqueous-mucin phase, which increases in mucin concentration toward the corneal epithelial cell layer. The health of the tear film and ocular surface influences the likelihood of being able to achieve successful contact lens wear. Contact lens discomfort and dryness are the most frequent reasons why contact lens wearers experience reduced wearing times, which can eventually lead to contact lens discontinuation. Comprehensive clinical assessment of tear film integrity and ocular surface health is therefore essential prior to commencing contact lens wear, to enable the ocular surface environment to be optimised to support lens wear. These parameters should also be evaluated over the course of contact lens wear, in order to identify any aspects requiring clinical management and ensure maintenance of optimal lens-wearing conditions. This review summarises current knowledge relating to the effects of soft contact lens wear on the tear film and ocular surface. It also provides a systematic approach to evaluating tear film and ocular surface integrity, in order to guide the clinical management of tear film anomalies with respect to contact lens wear.Key words: conjunctiva, contact lenses, cornea, dry eye, tearsThe tear film is a complex, precisely ordered fluid structure comprising a thin outer layer of lipid and a thicker underlying aqueous-mucin phase, with increasing mucin concentration toward the corneal epithelial cell layer. A thin layer of membrane-bound mucin, glycocalyx, imparts hydrophilicity to the hydrophobic corneal surface.1 In excess of 1,000 proteins or fractions of proteins have been identified within the human tear film.2,3 The tear fluid also contains a variety of regulated inflammatory mediators, including by-products of arachidonic acid metabolism, the complement cascade, cytokines and components derived from the ocular microbiome. 3,4The integrity of the tear film can strongly influence the likelihood of achieving successful contact lens wear. Contact lens discomfort and dryness are the most frequent reasons why contact lens wearers experience reduced wearing times, which can eventually lead to contact lens discontinuation. 5 Comprehensive clinical assessment of tear film quality and quantity, and ocular surface health are therefore essential both prior to commencing contact lens wear, to enable the ocular surface environment to be optimised to support lens wear, and over the course of lens wear, to identify any aspects requiring clinical attention to maintain optimal lens-wearing conditions. This review summarises current knowledge relating to the effects of soft contact lens wear on tear film composition, and outlines an approach to evaluating tear film and ocular surface integrity, to guide the clinical management of tear film anomalies with respect to contact lens wear. ASSESSING THE TEAR FILM AND OCULAR SURFACE IN CONTACT LENS WEAR: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACHUsing techniques such as in...

show abstract

Effects of Wink Glass on Blink Rate, Nibut and Ocular Surface Symptoms during Visual Display Unit Use

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study

Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study

Assessment of short‐term variability in human spontaneous blink rate during video observation with or without head / chin support

Tear film evaluation and management in soft contact lens wear: a systematic approach

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About