Effects of wildfire, salvage logging and slash treatments on soil degradation

Abstract

The effect of wildfire and the subsequent harvesting on soil degradation was evaluated in a burned Pinus pinaster stand in Galicia (NW Spain). During the first year following a fire of moderate intensity, burned trees were not harvested and soil erosion losses, measured by sediment collection at the bottom of bordered plots, were very low. An apparently limited impact of fire on soil and reduced rainfall erosivity for this period could be responsible for that result.Salvage logging took place 13 months after fire. Three post-fire alternatives were compared: no harvesting (standing burned trees), harvesting þ windrowed slash and harvesting þ slash chopping. Soil losses were even lower during the 14 months after these treatments than for the previous pre-harvesting period. Again, low mineral soil exposition and rainfall erosivity seemed to contribute to that result.Changes in soil bulk density and soil shear strength after clearcutting and slash manipulation were small and not enough to trigger sediment yield significantly.Harvesting and logging operations apparently increased soil inhomogeneities. This degree of variability was more adequately assessed by using micro-plot fences instead of plot fences. The percentage of soil disturbed by machinery was the variable most related with the observed minor soil losses after harvesting, at micro-plot level. This study indicated that the combined effect of wildfire and clearcutting caused only an acceleration of soil erosion when significant exposition of mineral soil occurred after these perturbations. However, these results must be taken with caution because rain erosivity during the study was low. To delay post-fire clearcutting until several months after the fire could reduce the impact of this forestry operation on burned soils, taking advantage of the natural mulch created by scorched leaves fall, although other issues must be taken into account.

Runoff and inter-rill erosion in a Maritime Pine and a Eucalypt plantation following wildfire and terracing in north-central Portugal

“…The effectiveness of a Pine needle "carpet" to reduce post-fire erosion was suggested by Shakesby et al (1993), and was later confirmed by Pannkuk and Robichaud (2003), Cerdà and Doerr (2008) and Neris et al, (2013) through laboratory and field rainfall simulation experiments. Besides fire severity, also postfire logging (Fernández et al, 2007;Malvar et al, 2013) could contribute to the comparatively high specific sediment losses in Prats (2013a).…”

“…This includes certain tree-logging practices (Fernández et al, 2004(Fernández et al, , 2007Malvar et al, 2013) as well as rip-ploughing in downslope direction (Shakesby et al, 2002;Terry, 1996). The sediment losses following terracing observed in this study were clearly less than the 37 Mg ha -1 y -1 following downslope rip-ploughing reported by Shakesby et al (2002) but they did amount to 24 Mg ha -1 y -1 in the case of the Eucalypt site.…”

Short-Term Effect of Fire Severity in Chemical and Biochemical Soil Properties in a Sandy Soil

“…In modern forestry, wildfires are considered undesirable, because fire destroys vegetation cover and reduces soil fertility due to erosion and nutrient losses (Fernández et al 2007). Fires affect physical, chemical and biochemical soil properties, primarily by transferring heat into soil.…”

Fire models and methods to map fuel types: The role of remote sensing

“…In some cases, they can become a significant cause of land degradation (Maselli et al, 2000;Alloza et al, 2006;Fernandez et al, 2007). As a response to this concern, numerous studies have analyzed aspects related to fire behaviour, its suppression and effects (Barrett, 1988;Fryer and Johnson, 1988).…”