Effects of weight gain induced by controlled overfeeding on physical activity

Abstract

Apolzan JW, Bray GA, Smith SR, de Jonge L, Rood J, Han H, Redman LM, Martin CK. Effects of weight gain induced by controlled overfeeding on physical activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 307: E1030 -E1037, 2014. First published October 7, 2014 doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00386.2014.-It is unclear whether physical activity changes following long-term overfeeding and in response to different dietary protein intakes. Twenty-five (16 males, 9 females) healthy adults (18 -35 yr) with BMI ranging from 19 to 30 kg/m 2 enrolled in this inpatient study. In a parallel group design, participants were fed 140% of energy needs, with 5, 15, or 25% of energy from protein, for 56 days. Participants wore an RT3 accelerometer for at least 59 days throughout baseline and during overfeeding and completed 24-h whole room metabolic chamber assessments at baseline and on days 1, 14, and 56 of overfeeding and on day 57, when the baseline energy intake was consumed, to measure percent of time active and spontaneous physical activity (SPA; kcal/day). Changes in activity were also assessed by doubly labeled water (DLW). From accelerometry, vector magnitude (VM), a weight-independent measure of activity, and activity energy expenditure (AEE) increased with weight gain during overfeeding. AEE remained increased after adjusting for changes in body composition. Activity-related energy expenditure (AREE) from DLW and percent activity and SPA in the metabolic chamber increased with overfeeding, but SPA was no longer significant after adjusting for change in body composition. Change in VM and AEE were positively correlated with weight gain; however, change in activity was not affected by protein intake. Overfeeding produces an increase in physical activity and in energy expended in physical activity after adjusting for changes in body composition, suggesting that increased activity in response to weight gain might be one mechanism to support adaptive thermogenesis. obesity; spontaneous physical activity; energy expenditure; doubly labeled water; metabolic chamber ENERGY IMBALANCE OCCURS WHEN ENERGY INTAKE does not equate to energy expenditure. Much is known about the effects of weight loss on energy expenditure, but little is known about the effects of overfeeding on activity-related energy expenditure (AREE). It is thought that when body weight increases, energy expenditure is increased as a potential mechanism to dissipate a portion of the excess energy consumed. This hypothesized increase in energy expenditure above what is expected on the basis of weight gain is described as adaptive thermogenesis (34). Several mechanisms, including increased spontaneous physical activity (SPA) and increased sympathetic outflow of the nervous system, are believed to support adaptive thermogenesis in response to overfeeding. In our recent overfeeding study, Bray et al. (5) observed adaptive thermogenesis in individuals consuming the high-and normal-protein diets (25 and 15% of energy from protein, respectively) but not individuals consuming a low-protein diet (5% ...

Metabolic Propensity for Weight Gain Unmasked by Overfeeding

“…Differences in overfeeding-induced changes in physical activity were not predictive of 5-year weight gain, though there was a significant correlation of changes in sedentary behavior induced by overfeeding and subsequent weight gain across the entire data set. The implied importance of physical activity to adaptive thermogenesis following overfeeding and the early onset of this effect is in agreement with Apolzan et al (5) who found that there was a significant increase in time spent in physical activity which was detectable as early as 1 week into overfeeding in a highly controlled inpatient study. However, neither of these studies made any a priori separation of OP and OR groups.…”

What have human experimental overfeeding studies taught us about adipose tissue expansion and susceptibility to obesity and metabolic complications?

“…In contrast to the other 19 macronutrients, there is a virtually unlimited storage capacity for triglyceride within 20 adipose tissue. Thus, body weight increase occurs predominantly via increased 21 adipose tissue volume with a small increase in fat-free mass 3 . 22…”

Changes in Energy Expenditure with Weight Gain and Weight Loss in Humans

“…However, during controlled overfeeding, the non-resting component of EE, i.e. EAT increases at unchanged NEAT [9, 16, 17]. This effect was independent of weight gain-associated changes in body composition.…”

“…Taken together, during overfeeding, an adaptative increase in REE is non-existent and probably more a measurement artefact [15, 18, 20•, 22]. By contrast, AT seems to be related to the non-resting component of EE [9, 16, 17]. …”