Effects of weight cycling in rats allowed a choice of diet

Reed, George W.; Cox, G.; Yakubu, F.; Ding, Lei; Hill, James O.

doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.1.r35

Cited by 14 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Both elevations (3,28) and no effect have been reported (15,29). The present study demonstrated that after long-term HF feeding, obese rats subjected to WC showed more insulin resistance than that seen in HF fed, non-cycled group.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 46%

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Long‐Term Weight Cycling in Female Wistar Rats: Effects on Metabolism

Buison

Uhley

et al. 1995

Obesity Research

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LU, HUIQING, ANNE BUlSON, VIRGINIA UHLEY AND K-L CATHERINE JEN. Long-term weight cycling in female Wistar rats: effects on metabolism. Obes Res. 1995;3:521-530. Weight cycling (We) induced by ad-lib and restricted high fat (HF) feeding has been shown to reduce final body weight but not body fat percent in female Wistar rats. We examined the metabolic consequences of this type of WC. Five groups of female Wistar rats were fed a HF diet and the sixth group was fed a low fat diet to serve as a control group. Of the five HF groups, four groups were weight cycled by ad-lib and restricted feeding of the HF diet. One of these groups weight cycled three times (HFCYC group) while the remaining three groups weight cycled once only, corresponding to the first, second and the third cycle of the HFCYC group. HF feeding induced hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance and elevated adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (AT -LPL) activity levels as compared to rats fed the low fat (LF) control diet. WC further increased blood insulin concentrations and insulin resistance in rats with three cycles of WC. However, blood pressure was not affected by HF feeding or WC. The magnitude of increase of AT-LPL was reduced in weight cycled, HF fed obese rats after 15 weeks refeeding. We concluded that even though WC did not enhance weight gain nor impair weight loss, it did facilitate the development of . insulin resistance and may predispose animals to diabetes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 46%

“…Nevertheless, results contradictory to this have also been reported. Hill et al (15) and Reed et al (29) did not detect any insulin resistance in weight cycled rats. Therefore, conclusions about the effect of WC on insulin resistance still cannot be drawn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Long‐Term Weight Cycling in Female Wistar Rats: Effects on Metabolism

Buison

Uhley

et al. 1995

Obesity Research

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“…Animal data may be more conclusive, although not all studies have demonstrated excess body fat as a result of weight cycling. 48,49 Lim et al 50 reported greater fat deposition in rats subjected to weight cycling (four cycles of 7 days of food restriction followed by 7 days of refeeding) than in control rats receiving the same overall energy supply as a constant food intake. Obese spontaneously hypertensive rats submitted to three cycles of very low calorie diet followed by ad libitum refeeding show higher retroperitoneal fat depots than ad libitum fed control rats despite a similar cumulative food intake.…”

Section: 45mentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight cycling during growth and beyond as a risk factor for later cardiovascular diseases: the ‘repeated overshoot’ theory

et al. 2006

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In people trying to lose weight, there are often repeated cycles of weight loss and regain. Weight cycling is, however, not limited to obese adults but affects people of normal weight, particularly young women, who are unhappy with their appearance. Furthermore, the onset of a pattern of weight cycling is shifting towards younger ages, owing to the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, and the pressure from the media and society for a slim image even for normal weight children. Although there is still controversy whether weight cycling promotes body fat accumulation and obesity, there is mounting evidence from large population studies for increased cardiovascular risks in response to a behavior of weight cycling. Potential mechanisms by which weight cycling contributes to cardiovascular morbidity include hypertension, visceral fat accumulation, changes in adipose tissue fatty acid composition, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Moreover, fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic activity, glomerular filtration rate, blood glucose and lipids that may occur during weight cycling -with overshoots above normal values during weight regain periods -put an additional load on the cardiovascular system, and may be easily overlooked if humans or animals are studied during a state of relatively stable weight. Overshoot of those risks factors, when repeated over time, will stress the cardiovascular system and probably contribute to the overall cardiovascular morbidity of weight cycling.

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“…This makes it dif®cult to conclude whether it is diet cycling or weight cycling that in¯uences body weight regulation as well as body fat content from cycle to cycle. 18 Another factor is that the body weight of WC animals in some studies is higher at the end of the study compared to that at the beginning of the study. The increased body weight in WC animals may increase energy expenditure, causing rate of weight gain to decrease and rate of weight loss to increase from cycle to cycle.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,10,12,29 However, other studies have also shown that WC has either no effect on rates of weight gain and the ef®ciency of weight regain 5,11,22 or that these variables may even be decreased. 6,8,17,18 Reed et al 18 noted that differences in the results among WC studies arise in part due to the different methodologies that are utilized to produce WC. One important variable is whether WC occurred in obese or lean animals.…”

Section: Rate Of Weight Gain and Feeding Ef®ciencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term weight cycling in aging female rats increases rate of weight gain but not body fat content

2000

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OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of short-term repeated weight cycling (WC) above and below the baseline (BL) body weight (BW) on body weight regulation, feeding ef®ciency, and fat content in old female Wistar rats when dietary fat content was kept constant. DESIGN: Completely randomized. ANIMALS AND METHODS: Female Wistar rats, 11 months old at the beginning of the study, were randomly divided into six groups (12 per group) after a group of rats (BL) was sacri®ced for baseline data collection: the high fat gain (HFG) group gained weight to 20% above the BL weight with a high fat diet (HF) and returned to BL level by food restriction (50% of ad-libitum amount) for ®ve cycles; the high fat loss (HFL) group lost weight to 20% below the BL weight by food restriction (50% of ad-libitum amount) and regained to BL level by ad-libitum feeding for four cycles; the high fat ad-libitum (HFA) and low fat ad-libitum (LFA) groups were fed HF and low fat (LF) diet, respectively, adlibitum for the entire study; the high fat restricted (HFR group) and low fat restricted rats (LFR group) were fed the HF and LF diet, respectively, in restricted amounts to maintain BW at BL level. RESULTS: A trend of increased rates of weight gain and feeding ef®ciencies from the ®rst to last cycles for both WC groups was observed, and signi®cant increases was observed between cycles 4 and 5. The rate of weight gain and feeding ef®ciency of HFL was signi®cantly higher than that of the HFG group for all cycles (P`0.05). The rates of weight loss were signi®cantly decreasing with each successive cycle for HFG, but were unchanged for HFL. Percentage of body fat was not modi®ed permanently from BL to sacri®ce for both HFG and HFL groups. The body fat of HFA was higher than that of the other groups (P`0.01), while the body fat of LFA was signi®cantly higher than that of the LFR, BL and HFL groups (P`0.01), but was similar to that of the HFG and HFR groups. The body fat of WC groups and HFR were similar to each other. The percentage of internal fat (retroperitoneal omental) were similar for the WC groups. The percentage of internal fat of the HFG, HFR and LFA groups were similar, but were signi®cantly higher than that of the BL and LFR groups (P`0.05). The percentage of internal fat of HFA was signi®cantly higher than that of the rest of the groups (P`0.01). CONCLUSION: Short-term WC did not affect body fat content in these animals, but since weight gain became easier and weight loss became more dif®cult for animals in the HFG group, repeated WC may promote obesity in these rats. International Journal of Obesity (2000) 24, 236±245 Keywords: weight cycling; rates of weight gain and loss; feeding ef®ciency; body fat content Literature reviewObesity is a major health risk in the US, and it has been reported that approximately 33% of adults 20 y of age or older are overweight. 1 Many obese people who are dieting (women 50% and men 33%, 2 are able to lose weight initially, but because daily energy expenditure decreases dramatically, 3 weight maintenance at a...

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Effects of weight cycling in rats allowed a choice of diet

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Long‐Term Weight Cycling in Female Wistar Rats: Effects on Metabolism

Long‐Term Weight Cycling in Female Wistar Rats: Effects on Metabolism

Weight cycling during growth and beyond as a risk factor for later cardiovascular diseases: the ‘repeated overshoot’ theory

Short-term weight cycling in aging female rats increases rate of weight gain but not body fat content

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