Effects of Water Injector Spray Angle and Injector Orientation on Emission and Performance of a GDI Engine—A CFD Analysis

Raut, Ankit Ashokrao; Mallikarjuna, J M

doi:10.4271/03-13-01-0002

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…It is recommended that for higher IMEP and lower emissions, the concentration of water vapor should be higher and uniform near the walls of the combustion chamber and nil at the spark plug location. 22,24…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19–21 However, relatively few works on direct water injection techniques are reported in literature. 22–26…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The water evaporation characteristics depend on various injection (timings, pressure, and quantity) as well as injector parameters such as diameter, number of nozzle holes, and orientation. 22,26 Kim et al 25 investigated the effect of direct water injection on torque and fuel efficiency at various load and speed conditions of a GDI engine. They used constant pressure and timings for water injection at each operating condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wu et al 33 experimentally demonstrated that the rate of water vaporization can be improved by raising the temperature of water injection, which also improved engine efficiency. Raut and Mallikarjuna 22,24 numerically studied the effects of the spatial distribution of water vapors on the combustion chamber of direct water-injected GDI engine. They concluded that the water vapor concentration should be high and uniform near the walls of the combustion chamber and nil at the spark plug location to enhance the performance and emission characteristics of the engine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of direct water injection and injector configurations on performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine: A computational fluid dynamics analysis

Raut

Mallikarjuna

2019

International Journal of Engine Research

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In-cylinder water injection is a promising approach for reducing NOx and soot emissions from internal combustion engines. It allows one to use a higher compression ratio by reducing engine knock; hence, higher fuel economy and power output can be achieved. However, water injection can also affect engine combustion and emission characteristics if water injection and injector parameters are not properly set. Majority of the previous studies on the water injection are done through experiments. Therefore, subtle aspects of water injection such as in-cylinder interaction of water sprays, spatial distribution of water vapor, and effect on flame propagation are not clearly understood and rarely reported in literature due to experimental limitations. Thus, in the present article, a computational fluid dynamics investigation is carried out to analyze the effects of direct water injection under various injector configurations on water evaporation, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine. The emphasis is given to analyze in-cylinder water spray interactions, flame propagation, water spray droplet size distribution, and water vapor spatial distribution inside the engine cylinder. For the study, the water-to-fuel ratio is varied from 0 to 1. Various water injector configurations using nozzle hole diameters of 0.14, 0.179, and 0.205 mm, along with nozzle holes of 4, 5, 6, and 7, are considered for comparison in addition to the case of no_water. Computational fluid dynamics models used in this study are validated with the available data in literature. From the results, it is found that the emission and performance characteristics of the engine are highly dependent on water evaporation characteristics. Also, the water-to-fuel ratio of 0.6 with 6 number of nozzle holes and the nozzle diameter of 0.14 mm results in the highest indicated mean effective pressure and the lowest NOx, soot, and CO emissions compared to other cases considered.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19–21 However, relatively few works on direct water injection techniques are reported in literature. 22–26…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of direct water injection and injector configurations on performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine: A computational fluid dynamics analysis

Raut

Mallikarjuna

2019

International Journal of Engine Research

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“…Before entering the actual topic of scientific work, a brief analysis of the literature is necessary. Many authors have studied the effect of the water injection on the combustion efficiency [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and, for brevity's sake, here some scientific works only have been cited and commented. In the field of the experimental research, it has to be cited the work by Gern [13], where the influence of water injection on the combustion process and raw emissions was experimentally analyzed on a singlecylinder research engine with direct and indirect water injection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Combustion Modelling of High BMEP Engines under Water Injection Conditions with Chemical Correlations Generated with Detailed Kinetics and Machine Learning Algorithms

Pulga¹,

Falfari²,

Bianchi³

et al. 2020

SAE Int. J. Adv. & Curr. Prac. in Mobility

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Water injection is becoming a technology of increasing interest for SI engines development to comply with current and prospective regulations. To perform a rapid optimization of the main parameters involved by the water injection process, it is necessary to have reliable CFD methodologies capable of capturing the most important phenomena. In the present work, a methodology for the CFD simulation of combustion cycles of SI GDI turbocharged engines under water injection operation is proposed. The ECFM-3Z model adopted for combustion and knock simulations takes advantages by the adoption of correlations for the laminar flame speed, flame thickness and ignition delay times prediction obtained by a detailed chemistry calculation. The latter uses machine learning algorithms to reduce the time to generate the full database while still maintaining an even distribution along the variables of interest. The results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology, capable of capturing not only the thermodynamic effects of water injection but also the chemical kinetics aspects related to the mixture water dilution whose prediction is mandatory for addressing the engine design according to different goals: complying with new emission directives and limits, turbine inlet temperature constraints, minimization of the BSFC and possibly engine power increase.

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Modelling Flow Inside a Gasoline Engine

Raut,

Mallikarjuna

2024

Energy, Environment, and Sustainability

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Effects of Water Injector Spray Angle and Injector Orientation on Emission and Performance of a GDI Engine—A CFD Analysis

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of direct water injection and injector configurations on performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine: A computational fluid dynamics analysis

Effects of direct water injection and injector configurations on performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine: A computational fluid dynamics analysis

Advanced Combustion Modelling of High BMEP Engines under Water Injection Conditions with Chemical Correlations Generated with Detailed Kinetics and Machine Learning Algorithms

Modelling Flow Inside a Gasoline Engine

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