“…This effect was in agreement with other studies, showing reduced wheat germination of seeds treated with Ulva linza or Corallina officinalis seaweeds (Hamouda et al, 2022), Flaveria bidentis (Dai et al, 2022) and aqueous extracts of weed plants: Hyptis sauveolens (L.), Ricinus communis (L.), Alternanthera sessilis (L.), Ipomoea carnea (Jacq), Malachra capitata (L.), and Cymbopogon citrutus (Stapf) (Joshi and Joshi, 2016). The decrease in germination percentage could be attributed to the potential phytotoxic or allelopathic effects of the extracts (Joshi and Joshi, 2016;Ma et al, 2011;Dai et al, 2022;Hamouda et al, 2022;Rys et al, 2022), such as the harmful or inhibitory impact that plant extracts may have on plant tissues or biological processes (Ma et al, 2011;Werrie et al, 2020) or chemical interactions between plants, which may be direct or indirect, beneficial or detrimental (Joshi and Joshi, 2016;Aurelio et al, 2022). The control group exhibited the longest wheat seedlings, with the lowest recorded dry weight compared to the treated wheat seeds.…”