Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk factors for insulin resistance

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common causes of chronic kidney disease. Kidney involvement in patients with diabetes has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic to overt proteinuria and kidney failure. The development of kidney disease in diabetes is associated with structural changes in multiple kidney compartments, such as the vascular system and glomeruli. Glomerular alterations include thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, loss of podocytes, and segmental mesangiolysis, which may lead to microaneurysms and the development of pathognomonic Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules. Beyond lesions directly related to diabetes, awareness of the possible coexistence of nondiabetic kidney disease in patients with diabetes is increasing. These nondiabetic lesions include focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, and other primary or secondary renal disorders. Differential diagnosis of these conditions is crucial in guiding clinical management and therapeutic approaches. However, the relationship between diabetes and the kidney is bidirectional; thus, new-onset diabetes may also occur as a complication of the treatment in patients with renal diseases. Here, we review the complex and multifaceted correlation between diabetes and kidney diseases and discuss clinical presentation and course, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic oppor-tunities offered by novel drugs.

Exploring the Interplay between Vitamin D, Insulin Resistance, Obesity and Skeletal Health

“…[82] Additionally, a clinical investigation into risk factors for Ins-R and the impact of ViD supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism among patients with T2DM revealed that insufficient ViD levels independently affect Ins-R, and supplementing with ViD can enhance glucose and lipid metabolism in individuals dealing with Ins-R and T2DM. [83] ViD deficiency in obese individuals does not appear to impact bone tissue but might affect other organs. However, studies have shown inconsistent results, and the benefits of ViD supplementation for the dysmetabolic state are not conclusively established.…”

“…[ 82 ] Additionally, a clinical investigation into risk factors for Ins-R and the impact of ViD supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism among patients with T2DM revealed that insufficient ViD levels independently affect Ins-R, and supplementing with ViD can enhance glucose and lipid metabolism in individuals dealing with Ins-R and T2DM. [ 83 ]…”

Effects of vitamin family members on insulin resistance and diabetes complications

“…We read the article by Sun et al [ 1 ] entitled “Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk factors for insulin resistance”. The authors found that 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], a vitamin D deficiency marker, is an independent risk factor for insulin resistance (IR) and promotes glucose metabolism.…”

“…In summary, Sun et al [ 1 ] investigated the protective effects of vitamin D supplementation on IR in diabetic patients, but they did not include a pathological exploration of diabetic complications. The mechanism through which vitamin D acts in the treatment of IR and multiple diabetes complications remains to be studied.…”