Effects of Vehicle Impact Velocity, Vehicle Front-End Shapes on Pedestrian Injury Risk

Han, Yong; Yang, Jikuang; Mizuno, Koji; Matsui, Yasuhiro

doi:10.1080/15389588.2012.661111

Cited by 77 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Regarding factor 2, studies of the influence of vehicle type (Ballesteros et al 2004;Roudsari et al 2004) or shape on resulting lesions were likewise based on real-world crash data (Crandall et al 2002;Henary et al 2003;Mallory et al 2012;Martin et al 2011;Otte 1999); there have also been studies using simulations, which have the advantage of being able to take body kinematics after impact into account (Crocetta et al 2015;Gupta and Yang 2013;Han et al 2012;Okamoto et al 2003). Impact against the ground or secondary obstacles has been less studied, mainly due to lack of precise observations and the wide variety of possible obstacles (Badea-Romero and Lenard 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrian fatality and impact speed squared: Cloglog modeling from French national data

Martin

2017

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Objective: The present study estimates pedestrians' risk of death according to the impact speed when hit by a passenger car in a frontal collision. Methods:Data were coded for all fatal crashes in France in 2011 and for a random sample of 1/20 th of all road injuries for the same year, and weighted to take account of police under-reporting of mild injury. A cloglog model was used to optimize risk adjustment for high collision speeds. The fit of the model on the data was also improved by using the square of the impact speed, which best matches the energy dissipated in the collision. Results:Modeling clearly demonstrated that the risk of death was very close to 1 when impact speeds exceeded 80 km/h. For speeds less than 40 km/h, as data representative of all crashes resulting in injury were used, the estimated risk of death was fairly low. However, although the curve seemed deceptively flat below 50 km/h, the risk of death in fact rose 2-fold between 30 and 40 km/h and 6-fold between 30 and 50 km/h. For any given speed, the risk of death was much higher for more elderly subjects, especially over 75 years of age.These results concern frontal crashes involving a passenger car. Collisions involving trucks are far less frequent, but half result in the pedestrian being run over, incurring greater mortality. Conclusions:For impact speeds below 60 km/h, the shape of the curve relating probability of death to impact speed was very similar to those reported in recent rigorous studies. For higher impact speeds, the present model allows the curve to rise ever more steeply, giving a much better fit to observed data. The present results confirm that, when a pedestrian is struck by a car, impact speed is a major risk factor, thus providing a supplementary argument for strict speed limits in areas where pedestrians are highly exposed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrian fatality and impact speed squared: Cloglog modeling from French national data

Martin

2017

Traffic Injury Prevention

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“…Since pedestrian head response depends highly on the accident conditions Watanabe et al 2012;Han et al 2012;Elliote et al 2012;Subit et al 2008), including multiple factors such as vehicle impact speed, vehicle type and geometry, human anthropometry, pedestrian initial position and direction to the vehicle, and their postures, the distribution of these accident conditions in field data and their effects on pedestrian response and injury are summarized here.…”

Section: Pedestrian Accident Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Roudsari et al (2005) found chest and abdomen injuries were more common in pedestrians struck by LTVs. Also, simulation studies (Watanabe et al 2012;Han et al 2012) using FE human models (THUMS) and detailed FE vehicle models showed different pedestrian kinematics and injury risk caused by vehicle types. Han et al (2012) found vehicle designs with a short front-end and a wide windshield area can protect pedestrians from fatalities.…”

Section: Vehicle Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, simulation studies (Watanabe et al 2012;Han et al 2012) using FE human models (THUMS) and detailed FE vehicle models showed different pedestrian kinematics and injury risk caused by vehicle types. Han et al (2012) found vehicle designs with a short front-end and a wide windshield area can protect pedestrians from fatalities. Using parametric FE vehicle front models and pedestrian lower extremity models, Nie and Zhou (2015) verified that recent passenger cars with geometrical changes of front-end design after regulatory efforts can reduce pedestrian lower extremity injury risk.…”

Section: Vehicle Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Rosén et al 2009) In the other in-depth accident study by Hamdane et al (2014), based on the reconstruction of 100 real-world crashes in France and Australia involving a pedestrian and vehicle, 95% of the vehicle travel speeds are distributed along a wide range from 20 to 60 km/h, with a peak frequency around 40 km/h, while the average vehicle impact speed is 32 km/h. Watanabe et al (2012) and Han et al (2012) conducted simulation studies on the effect of vehicle impact speed on pedestrian kinematics and injury risk using Finite element vehicle model and THUMS PFEM. The collision speed was found to be one of the primary factors of pedestrian severe injuries in the simulation results, and a significant reduction of all injuries can be achieved for all vehicle types when the vehicle impact velocity is less than 30 km/h.…”

Section: Vehicle Impact Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating Pedestrian Head Sub-system Test Procedure against Full-scale Vehicle-pedestrian Impact Using Numerical Models

Chen

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Head injury is the primary cause of pedestrian fatalities. To address this problem, the simplified sub-system test procedure has been used to distinguish vehicle stiffness in recent decades. Compared to the full-scale dummy test, the sub-system test has the advantage in terms of cost, repeatability, and testing coverage. However, the sub-system test methodology has long been criticized for oversimplification and for missing headneck interaction, vehicle pre-deformation, and head rotational kinematics, which make the ability of the component test to represent the real full-scale impact questionable. As a result, a potential problem may exist because vehicle design is optimized towards the sub-system test but may not necessarily provide the best protection in real pedestrian accidents. The goal of this dissertation is to study the relationship between the impactor responses of sub-system test with the head response in full-scale pedestrian impact. This process involved multiple steps: 1) evaluate the biofidelity of the PFEM; 2) compare the impactor response in the sub-system test and head response in the full-scale impact; 3) test the hypothesis that vehicle design variations have different influences on the impactor response and head response; and 4) investigate the factors that may contribute to the difference between the component test and the full-scale impact. The results of this work demonstrate limitations in the sub-system test that prevent it from reproducing the full-scale head response, even with matched input kinematics. Many of the limitations of sub-system tests were focused on the lack of vehicle hood pre-deformation caused by the iii pedestrian torso. The methodology and results of this dissertation could provide reference for improvements to future vehicle safety design and pedestrian regulation development.iv

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A Comparative Study of the Kinematic Response and Injury Metrics Associated with Adults and Children Impacted by an Auto Rickshaw

Al-Graitti

Khalid

Berthelson

et al. 2019

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

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Effects of Vehicle Impact Velocity, Vehicle Front-End Shapes on Pedestrian Injury Risk

Cited by 77 publications

References 24 publications

Pedestrian fatality and impact speed squared: Cloglog modeling from French national data

Pedestrian fatality and impact speed squared: Cloglog modeling from French national data

Evaluating Pedestrian Head Sub-system Test Procedure against Full-scale Vehicle-pedestrian Impact Using Numerical Models

A Comparative Study of the Kinematic Response and Injury Metrics Associated with Adults and Children Impacted by an Auto Rickshaw

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